Burrowing test

First of all, the tunnel must be found and a burrowing test made. In this test the tunnel is opened over a length of about 50 cm, in such a way that it follows a straight course. If the tunnel is closed again within the next hour, this means that the burrow is still inhabited. The tunnel which has been closed is opened up again, and the trap, disguised by rubbing earth over it, is put into the tunnel. The tunnel is then closed in such a way that the trap is not visible. 

Burrows B, Martinez F, Halonen M, Barbee R, Cline M. Association of asthma with semm IgE levels and skin-test... 

Are these toxic compounds of urodeles effective against predators Shorttailed shrews [Blarina hrevicauda) prey on these animals their burrows often contain the remains of salamanders. Laboratory tests confirmed that their chemical defenses are effective noxious species of salamanders took the shrews longer to kill and had a higher survival rate than non-toxic species. The shrews needed more time to kill the toxic salamanders, and wiped their mouths more often (Brodie etal, 1979). 

Blanchard DC, Griebel G, Blanchard RJ (2001a) Mouse defensive behavior pharmacological and behavioral assays for anxiety and panic. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 25 205-218 Blanchard DC, Hynd AL, Minke KA, Minemoto T, Blanchard RJ (2001b) Human defense behaviors to threat scenarios show parallels to fear- and anxiety-related defense patterns of non-human mammals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 25 761-770 Blanchard DC, Griebel G, Blanchard RJ (2003) The mouse defense test battery pharmacological and behavioral assays for anxiety and panic. Eur J Pharmacol 463 97-116 Blanchard RJ, Blanchard DC (1989) Anti-predator defense behaviors in a visible burrow system. J Comp Psychol 103 70-82... 

In the whole sediment toxieity bioassay mortality was tested in a 750 em2 aquarium with a 10 cm layer of sediment and eovered with 10 em of filtered seawater with a salinity 32 4 g 1 at a flow rate of 10 2 L per 24 hours, and a water temperature of 15 2°C. At the end of the 14 days exposure, organisms were reeorded dead when they did not burrow within 30 minutes. Potential confounding factors such as salinity, oxygen, concentration of NH, and pH of the water phase were monitored to ensure validity eriteria as defined by Postma et al. (2002). 

Bowmer, C.T. (1993). Method for the assessment of acute toxicity of contaminated sediment using the burrowing heart vachm Echinocardium cordatum. Test Guideline for OSPAR sediment reworker ring test. Report IMW R93/317. 

Wabl, M., Meyer, J Beck-Engeser, G., Tenkhoff, M., Burrows, P.D. (1985). Critical test of a sister chromatid exchange model for the immunoglobulin heavy-chain class switch. Nature 313, 687-689. 

Burrows in 1959 contributed a study based on making a floor tile from the cork fraction of Douglas-fir bark (34). Added binder in the dry-process tiles was either 5% butadiene styrene or diethylene glycol. Comparison tests were made against tiles from Mediterranean oak cork. Dimensional stability was better in Douglas-fir cork tiles, and most other properties compared favorably. No known commercial application resulted. 

Frosch, P.J., Pilz, B., Andersen, K.E., Burrows, D., Camarasa, J.G., Dooms-Goossens, A., Ducombs,G., Fuchs, T., Hannuksela, M., and Lachapelle, J.M., Patch testing with fragrances results of a multi-center study of the European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group with 48 frequently used constituents of perfumes, Contact Dermatitis, 33, 333, 1995. 

Rock properties should be examined at as many outcrops as possible, looking for friability, cementing, degree and nature of fractures and dissolution conduits, and animal burrowing (Figs. 2.3, 2.4, 2.8, and 3.2). However, one should bear in mind that rocks at exposures are altered by weathering and joint formation due to stress release and thus may poorly represent the rocks at depth. Similar observations may be conducted on drill cores, but these are expensive and their record is limited in size. Laboratory tests on cores provide semiquantitative data on the nature of rock pores and fissures and conductivities. 

Testing the iron hypothesis in ecosystems of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 371, 123—126. Mayer, M. S., Schaffner, L., and Kemp, W. M. (1995). Nitrification potentials of benthic macrofaunal tubes and burrow walls Effects of sediment NH4" and animal irrigation behavior. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 121, 157-169. 

There were many mosquitoes in the forest and meadow. In boxes nailed to trees at places throughout the test areas, the army provided large botdes of mosquito repellent. Also, there were ticks that burrowed their heads below the skin we lightly treated them with mosquito repellent and pulled them out with a slow twisting motion so their heads would not break off and remain xmder the skin. Also we could reduce the number of ticks we picked up by generous application of insect repellent to the lower parts of our pants. 

Clarke C R, Burrows G E. MacAllister C G et al 1992 Pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered pyrimethamine in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 53 2292-2295 Daft B M, Barr B C, Gardner I A et al 2002 Sensitivity and specificity of Western blot testing of cerebrospinal fluid and serum for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in horses with and without neurologic abnormalities. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 221 1007-1013... 

Barbee RA, Kaltenborn W, Lebowitz MD, Burrows B Longitudinal changes in allergen skin test reactivity in a community population sample. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987 79 16 -24. 

Barbee RA, Halonen M, Kaltenborn WT, Burrows B (1991) A longitudinal study of respiratory symptoms in a community population sample. Correlations with smoking, allergen skin-test reactivity, and serum IgE, Chest 99 20-26... 

Seamer, C.P and Burrow, R., A guide for the validation and approval of new marine biotoxin test methods. Shellfish Quality Assurance Programme, MAF Food Assurance Authority, Wellington, New Zealand, 2002, p. 28. 

---