Buildup rate

Ion implantation (qv) has a large (10 K/s) effective quench rate (64). This surface treatment technique allows a wide variety of atomic species to be introduced into the surface. Sputtering and evaporation methods are other very slow approaches to making amorphous films, atom by atom. The processes involve deposition of a vapor onto a cold substrate. The buildup rate (20 p.m/h) is also sensitive to deposition conditions, including the presence of impurity atoms which can faciUtate the formation of an amorphous stmcture. An approach used for metal—metalloid amorphous alloys is chemical deposition and electro deposition. 

Figure 4-344. Theoretical vertical profile for a buildup rate of 1°/10 m (37100 ft) for a well reaching horizontal. (Courtesy Inst. Fr. du Petr.)...

Angle of buildup Rate of change ( /lOO ft) of the inclination angle in the section of the hole where the inclination from the vertical is increasing. 

Also, basic factors such as the transport of materials, residual hardness, ion leakage, soluble iron, colloidal silica and clays, and other contaminants, which can produce scales and deposits in the FW lines and other parts of the pre-boiler section, may also produce similar detrimental effects in the boiler section. In the boiler itself, however, the buildup rate may be quicker and the results may be more devastating. 

Also considered in this chapter are oscillating reactions. These are a class of reactions, still not too numerous, in which the concentrations of the intermediates and the buildup rate of a product fluctuate over time. That is, there are sinusoidal fluctuations in rate and concentration with time. We shall see how these can arise from straightforward, albeit complicated, schemes, often involving the catalysis of one step by a product of another. 

Pomeroy, R.D. and J.D. Parkhurst (1977), The forecasting of sulfide buildup rates in sewers, Prog. Water Techn., 9 (3), 621-628. 

Vegetational carbon banks would compete with agriculture for land and nutrient resources. It is estimated that a land area about the size of Alaska would need to be planted with fast-growing trees over the next 50 years to use up about half the projected fossil-fuel-induced C02 at a cost of about 250 billion or 50 per person for the global population. One problem is that once the trees are fully grown they no longer take up C02 very rapidly and would need to be cleared so new trees could be planted to continue a quicker uptake. Old trees could be used for lumber, but not fuel, since this would release the C02. If used as fuel, a delay of 50 years, (the typical growth time) would occur and move up the buildup rate of atmospheric C02. 

Slurry particle-reaction product buildup Rate defectivity... 

Fig. 7. Buildup rate analysis of NOESY spectra at T = 298 K (Xn, = 0.3 s, 0.6 s, 1 s) and T = 233 K (Tm = 10 ms, 20 ms, 30 ms, 40 ms, 80 ms, 160 ms, 320 ms, 640 ms, 1.2 s). Lines are drawn according to eq. (8) with a dynamic matrix from the energy minimized model (table 1). High-temperature data (negative slopes) are linearly fitted according to eq. (30). Low-temperature data (positive slopes) are fitted by eq. (30) only points with aij /ajj < 0.2 were used (inset).

Assuming that all steps in the formation of coke precursors are in equilibrium and that the final coke formation step is irreversible, the coke buildup rate [from Eq. (32)] can be expressed as... 

The observed differences in the OH buildup rates at a given photolysis wavelength can be attributed to OH rotational levels having different parentages. For example, if higher-than-binary complexes yield mainly low N, this could be reflected in the product-state-selective measurements, even if the number of higher complexes is smaller than the number of binary complexes. In this case, there would be differences between results obtained with product state resolution versus those obtained by using a broadband probe. The latter would only be sensitive to the low N contribution in direct proportion to its fraction of the total product... 

Buildup rate 30-50% of regular rate Buildup rate about 75% of regular rate... 

When through-bond connectivity experiments are combined with the spatial information from buildup rates of NOESY cross peaks, proton-proton distances can be obtained by comparison with known bond lengths. The result can be a complete three-dimensional structure of biomolecules. Such solution-phase structures complement solid-phase information from X-ray crystallography. In this way, NMR spectroscopy has become a structural tool for obtaining detailed molecular geometries of complex molecules in solution. 

The /r dependence of p causes the buildup rate to fall off very rapidly with internuclear distance, with the result that NOEs are short-range interactions that are typically not observed between protons separated by more than 5.5 A (but see below). Nevertheless, this provides extremely valuable structural information since spatially proximal protons will yield a crosspeak in NOESY spectra regardless of how distal they are in the amino acid sequence. Since several thousand NOEs will be observed for even a protein of modest size, NOEs provide the most important structural restraints for structure calculations. But first they need to be assigned to specific proton pairs, quantified, and converted into distance information. 

Semibatch particles move through the cycle continually. Horizontal basket, pusher discharge 20 to 120 cycles/min cake formation, wash, discharge. Cake buildup rate 1000 to 10,000 g/s m area per unit 1.4 m cake thickness <75 mm. Basket diameter 0.2 to... 

The basic strategy for equipment selection relating to cake buildup rate in Table 22.8 can be summarized as follows ... 

Solid state NMR spectroscopy was applied to measure the isotropic chemical shifts, chemical shift anisotropies and asymmetry parameters of three phosphorylated amino acids, O-phospho-L-serine, O-phospho-L-threonine and O-phospho-L-tyrosine. The CP buildup rates and longitudinal relaxation times of P and H were determined and compared with the values measured for a triphosphate bound to a crystalline protein. It was shown that the phosphorylated amino acids are well-suited model compounds, e.g. for the optimisation of experiments on crystalline proteins. In addition, from 2D exchange experiments on O-phospho-L-tyrosine the existence of an exchange between the two different conformations of the molecule was deduced. 

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