Breast retinol

Dorgan, J.F. et al.. Relationships of serum carotenoids, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and selenium with breast cancer risk results from a prospective study in Columbia, Missouri (United States), Cancer Causes Control, 9, 89, 1998. 

Michels, K.B., Hoknberg, L., BergkvisL L., Ljung, H., Bruce, A., and Wolk, A., Dietary antioxidant vitamins, retinol, and breast cancer incidence in a cohort of Swedish women. Int. J. Cancer, 91, 563-567, 2001. 

The DNA adducts, deoxyadenosine and deoxygua-nosine, which are induced by malondialdehyde, the end-product of lipid peroxidation, accumulate in human breast tissues. These adducts are present at relatively higher concentrations in breast cancer cells compared to normal breast cells. In a recent study, serum antioxidative vitamin levels and lipid peroxidation were compared in gastric cancer patients. The level of serum ascorbic acid, a-tocopherol, p-carotene, and retinol were assessed. The levels of ascorbic acid in patients with gastric carcinoma were less than one-fifth of that in the control group, and the production of p-carotene and a-tocopherol were decreased, as well. 

The term bioequivalence, as used here, is chosen to imply a relative efficacy in accretion between two sources of brain DHA, in analogy to the use of the term in reference, for instance, to retinol and fl-carotene. The crucial clinical issue for infant formulations is to establish the amount of DHA to be added to LCP-free formulas as a precursor for neonate brain development. In our neonate study, the commercial formula contained 1.8% of calories as LNA, and the only dietary DHA that these animals consumed was from the dose. Thus, the bioequivalence of 7 1 applies directly to the addition of small amounts of DHA to formula, meaning that the addition of DHA at 0.26% of calories may provide an equal amount of brain DHA as the entire 1.8% calories as LNA. Factors driving the addition of less DHA include possible interference with A A metabolism, the possibility of contaminants added incidentally in DHA oils, and expense. The potency of DHA relative to LNA suggests that the addition of amounts as small as 0.1% of calories would support brain growth, a figure similar to the lowest levels of DHA found inhuman breast milk. Finally, we note that the purely biochemical nature of our studies to date cannot establish whether LNA can completely substitute for DHA. Studies in human preterms suggest that it cannot, whereas those in term infants remain controversial (Cunnane, Francescutti, Brenna, Crawford, 2000). 

E., Carotenoids, alpha-tocopherols, and retinol in plasma and breast cancer risk in northern Sweden, Cancer Causes Control, 12, 529,2001. 

Dorjgochoo T, Gao YT, Chow WH, Shu XO, Li H, Yang G, Cai Q, Rothman N, Cai H, Franke AA, Zheng W, Dai Q (2009) Plasma carotenoids, tocopherols, retinol and breast cancer risk results from the Shanghai Women Health Study (SWHS). Breast Cancer Res Treat 117 381-389... 

Breast milk of well-nourished women normally contains about 50 xg reti-nol/dl (Moore, 1957). Because the lipid content and retinol concentration of breast milk increase as the breast is emptied, the selection of a representative sample poses a problem. Ideally, the total amount of milk in a breast should be collected and carefully mixed and an aliquot taken for analysis. Only in special circumstances, however, is this technique feasible. One procedure that has... 

In similar experiments, Lacroix and Lippman (1980) reported a reversible inhibitory effect of retinoic acid (and to a lesser extent retinol) on four human breast cancer cell lines. As had been noted before in comparisons of human melanoma and breast carcinoma cell lines (Lotan, 1979 Section IV,B,3), these... 

Infants and children— The daily allowance for infants from birth to 6 months is based on the average retinol content of human milk, which is about 49 meg per 100 ml. Thus, an infant consuming 850 ml of breast milk would receive approximately 420 meg of retinol (RE). The allowance for infants from 6 months to 1 year of age, who are fed solid foods in addition to milk, is reduced to 375 RE (280 as retinol, 95 as beta-carotene). 

Kasparova, M., J. Pliseka, D. Solichovab et al. 2012. Rapid sample preparation procedure for determination of retinol and a-tocopherol in human breast milk. Talanta 93 147-152. 

Plisek, J., M. Kasparova, D. Solichova et al. 2013. Application of core-shell technology for determination of retinol and alpha-tocopherol in breast milk. Talanta 107 382-388. 

Fraker LD, Halter SA, Forbes JT (1984) Growth inhibition by retinol of a human breast carcinoma cell line in vitro and in athymic mice. Cancer Res 44 5757-5763... 

Chen AC, Guo X, Derguini F, Gudas LJ (1997) Human breast cancer cells and normal mammary epithelial cells retinol metabolism and growth inhibition by the retinol metabolite 4-oxoretinol. Cancer Res 57 4642-4651... 

Formelli F, Carsana R, Costa A, Buranelli F, Campa T, Dossena G, Magni A, Pizzichetta M (1989) Plasma retinol level reduction by the synthetic retinoid fentretinide a one year follow-up study of breast cancer patients. Cancer Res 49 6149-6152... 

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