Breast, immunology

Sweat glands Serosae Musculoskeletal Sexual function Reproductive system Breasts Immunologic Autacoids Infection risk... 

Reproductive system (includes uterus, ovaries, breasts) Immunologic (includes effects on the immune system and hypersensitivity reactions)... 

While unnecessary medications clearly should be avoided during pregnancy or lactation, clinicians also should avoid undertreating conditions that can lead to adverse maternal, fetal, or infant outcomes. Additionally, clinicians should avoid unnecessarily discouraging breast-feeding because breast milk provides nutritional and immunologic benefit to the infant. 

Eduardo Escrich Escriche Multidisciplinary Group for the Study of Breast Cancer Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology School of Medicine Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona... 

Coons AH, Creech H, Jones R (1941) Immunological properties of an antibody containing a fluorescent group. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 47 200 202 Coons AH, Creech H, Jones R, Berliner E (1942) The demonstration of pneumococcal antigen in tissues by the use of fluorescent antibody. J Immunol 45 159 170 Dabbs DJ (ed) (2006) Diagnostic immunohistochemistry. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia Dairkee SH, Mayall BH, Smith HS, Hackett AJ (1987) Monoclonal marker that predicts early recurrence of breast cancer. Lancet 1 (8531) 514... 

The first ever injectable crude biomaterial, that is a dental implant, appeared early in ad 6oo (Fig. 12.1). During those times, Mayan people trimmed seashells into artificial teeth to replace missing teeth (Michael, 2006 Ratner et al., 2004). Early biomaterials also led to problems, including sterilization, toxicity, inflammation, and immunological issues. Since the Mayan s initial use of artificial teeth, biomaterials have evolved to be used in modem artificial hearts, hip and knee pros-theses, artificial kidneys, and breast implants. Materials used in these applications include titanium, silicons, polyurethanes, teflon, polybiodegradable polymers, and most recently bio-nanomaterials (Pearce et al., 2007)... 

Hanson, L. A., Hahn-Zoric, M., Bemdes, M., Ashraf, R., Herias, V., Jalil, F., Bhutta, T. I., Laeeq, A., and Mattsby-Baltzer, I. (1994). Breast feeding Overview and breast milk immunology. Acta Paediatr. ]pn. 36,557-561. 

Ichikawa, M., Sugita, M., Takahashi, M., Satomi, M., Takeshita, T., Araki, T., and Takahashi, H. (2003). Breast milk macrophages spontaneously produce granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and differentiate into dendritic cells in the presence of exogenous interleukin-4 alone. Immunology 108,189-195. 

Cyclophosphamide is a component of CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil) and other drug combinations used in the treatment of breast cancer. Cyclophosphamide in combination may produce complete remissions in some patients with ovarian cancer and oat cell (small cell) lung cancer. Other tumors in which benehcial results have been reported include non-oat cell lung cancers, various sarcomas, neuroblastoma, and carcinomas of the testes, cervix, and bladder. Cyclophosphamide also can be employed as an alternative to azathioprine in suppressing immunological rejection of transplant organs. 

A critical question concerns the possible value of dietary intervention as a preventive or therapeutic measure. There is little doubt that fat intake influences breast cancer development in rodents at levels which are found in the human diets. However, conclusive evidence is lacking about the quantitative and qualitative aspects of these processes and how fat in diets may be modified to reduce human cancer incidence. It is likely that dietary intervention may prove useful initially as a preventive or therapeutic measure in isolated groups of high risk individuals. As genetic, hormonal, and immunologic risk factors became more clearly defined, individuals at high risk and those with breast cancer may benefit from therapeutic low-fat diets whose efficacy will require assessment in well-designed clinical studies. 

Thorpe SM. Immunological quantitation of nuclear receptors in human breast cancer Relation to cytosolic estrogen and progesterone receptors. Cancer Res 1987 47(7) 1830-1835. 

The precise role of immunological surveillance in tumorigenesis is not well dehned for the majority of malignancies. The occurrence of a unique spectrum of malignancies in immunosuppressed individuals suggests either that immune surveillance is only important in certain tumors or that the duration needed to see an increased incidence of many more common tumors (e.g., colorectal, breast, lung, or prostate carcinomas) is not reached. Suppression of T cell mediated immunity has, however, been unequivocally associated with an increased incidence of certain mahgnancies. In patients with profound defects in T cell immunity the time to tumor detection is often shorter than for cancers induced by other mechanisms. 

Bridges AJ, Conley C, Wang G, Burns DE, Vasey FB. A clinical and immunologic evaluation of women with silicone breast implants and symptoms of rheumatic disease. Ann Intern Med 1993 118(12) 929-36. 

The neonate lacks the ability to mount a full immunological response, accordingly maternal IgG is transported across the placenta late in pregnancy and is also absorbed across the gastrointestinal tract from breast milk. Maternal IgA secreted into breast milk will also provide mucosal protection for the neonate. 

---