Breakdown spectroscopy

Principles and Characteristics Simultaneous multi-element analysis based on emission from a plasma generated by focussing a powerful laser beam on a sample (solid, liquid, or gas) is known as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and under a variety of semantic variations time-resolved LIBS (TRELIBS), laser ablation emission spectroscopy (LAES), laser ablation atomic emission spectrometry (LA-AES), laser ablation optical emission spectrometry (LA-OES), laser plasma emission spectrometry (L-PES), laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS), laser spark spectroscopy (LSS), and laser-induced emission spectral analysis (LIESA ). Commercial LIBS analysers were already available in the 60/70s the technique now enjoys a renaissance. 

The principles of LIBS are similar to those of conventional plasma atomic emission spectrometry. 

Factors influencing laser-induced plasma (LIP) production are  

The inherent complexities of LIBS make it one of the most frustrating of all atomic reservoirs. The following experimental conditions and parameters are best suited to laser-induced emission spectral analysis (i) argon as a buffer gas at reduced pressure (140 hPa) (ii) reduced laser irradiance (Hi) long delay times ( 30 /xs) between laser pulse and detector gate pulse and (iv) use of analyte and reference spectral lines with comparable excitation energies [127]. 

For high performance laboratory applications, LIBS can be combined with different complementary analytical techniques, such as other spectroscopic techniques (Raman spectroscopy, LIF, MIR, NIR) or molecular separation techniques like liquid chromatography. Higher sensitivities are achieved in LIBS-LIF hyphenation. In this technique, analyte atoms in the plasma are selectively excited with a second laser pulse from a tuneable UV laser source. 

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Flame Photometry and Gas Chromatography (CyTerra) -Aerodynamic Particle Size and Shape Analysis (BIRAL) -Flow Cytometry (Luminex, LLNL) -Semiconductor-Based Ultraviolet Light (DARPA) -Polymer Fluorochrome (Echo Technology) -Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy -Raman Scattering -Infrared Absorption -Terahertz Spectroscopy -UV LIDAR... 

LIBS Acronym for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. 

Anglos, D. (2001), Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) in art and archaeology, Appl. Spectrosc. 55(6), 186A-205A. 

Burgio, L., R. J. H. Clark, T. Stratoudaki, M. Doulgeridis, and D. Anglos (2000), Pigment identification in painted artworks A dual analytical approach employing LIBS (laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy) and Raman microscopy, Appl. Spectrosc. 54(4), 463-469. 

Melessanaki, K., S. Kotoulas, A. Petrakis, A. Hatziapostolou, D. Anglos, S. Ferrence, and P. P. Betancourt (2002), LIBS (laser induced breakdown spectroscopy) A new tool in archaeometry , Trends Opt. Photon. 81, 57-59. 

In recent years, several groups have proposed the use of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy as a technique capable of giving information on the pigment compositions with minimal damage of the artwork. However, until the development of quantitative methods for accurate elemental analysis, the LIBS technique was hardly competitive with other methods for quantitative analysis of the samples. 

Anglos D., Couris S., Fotakis C., Laser Diagnostics of Painted Artworks Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in Pigment Identification, Appl. Spectrosc. 1997 51(7) 1025. 

Bulajic D., Corsi M., Cristoforetti G., Legnaioli S., Palleschi V., Salvetti A., Tognoni E., A procedure for correcting self-absorption in calibration-free Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, Spectrochimica Acta B 2002 57 339-357. 

Vukjovic et al.199 recently proposed a simple, fast, sensitive, and low-cost procedure based on solid phase spectrophotometric (SPS) and multicomponent analysis by multiple linear regression (MA) to determine traces of heavy metals in pharmaceuticals. Other spectroscopic techniques employed for high-throughput pharmaceutical analysis include laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS),200 201 fluorescence spectroscopy,202 204 diffusive reflectance spectroscopy,205 laser-based nephelometry,206 automated polarized light microscopy,207 and laser diffraction and image analysis.208... 

KEYWORDS Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, garnet, LIBS, multivariate principal components... 

The emerging analytical technique of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a simple atomic emission spectroscopy technique that has the potential for real-time man-portable chemical analysis in the field. Because LIBS is simultaneously sensitive to all elements, a single laser shot can be used to record the broadband emission spectra, which provides a chemical fingerprint of a material. 

Analysis of gem treatments comparison of nano-second and pico-second laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy... 

This presentation will summarize developments in laser ablation with emphasis on LIBS (laser induced breakdown spectroscopy) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) as analytical tools for real time chemical analysis (Fig. 1) (Russo et al. 

Baudelet M., Boueri M., Yu J., Mao S., Piscitelli V., Mao X., Russo R. 2007. Time-resolved ultraviolet laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for organic material analysis. Spectrochimica Acta Part B Atomic Spectroscopy, 20,1329-1334. 

Laser heating, case hardening by, 16 200 Laser heterodyne radiometry, 23 142 Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), archaeological materials, 5 743 Laser-induced EDC cracking, 25 646 Laser-induced fluorescence, 23 127 Laser-induced fluorescence imaging, application in combinatorial chemistry, 7 404... 

M.D. Mowery, R. Sing, J. Kirsch, A. Razaghi, S. Bechard and R.A. Reed, Rapid at-line analysis of coating thickness and uniformity on tablets using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal, 28, 935-943 (2002). 

Abstract world class unconformity-related U deposits occur in the Proterozoic McArthur Basin (Northern Territory, Australia) and Athabasca Basin (Saskatchewan, Canada). Widespread pre-to post-ore silicifications in the vicinity of the deposits, allow proper observation of paragenetically well-characterized fluid inclusions. We used a combination of microthermometry, Raman microspectroscopy and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), to establish the physical-chemical characteristics of the main fluids having circulated at the time of U mineralization. The deduced salinities, cation ratios (Na/Ca, Na/Mg) and P-T conditions, led to the detailed characterization of a NaCI-rich brine, a CaCl2-rich brine and a low-salinity fluid, and to the identification of mixing processes that appear to be key factors for U mineralization. 

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy Light detection and ranging Laser-induced fluorescence Lab-on-a-chip... 

The same equipment, which is used for time-resolved Ivuninescence application is suitable for other laser-based spectroscopies. Thus several spectroscopic methods may be applied simultaneously. The most important techniques, which may be used together with time-resolved luminescence, are laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and Second Harmonics Generation spectroscopy. 

Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)... 

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