Brain volume

Jinnouchi J, Toyoda K, Inoue T, Fujimoto S, Gotoh S, Yasumori K, Ibayashi S, lida M, Okada Y. Changes in brain volume 2 years after extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery a preliminary subanalysis of the japanese EC-IC trial. Cerebrovasc Dis 2006 22 177-182. 

A molecule is commonly deemed brain penetrant if its brain-to-plasma concentration ratio (Cb Cp) is >0.04 using nonperfused brain tissue, as cerebral blood volume approximates 4% of total brain volume [6]. Though this ratio determines technically if a compound enters brain tissue, it is treacherous in early discovery to use this single parameter to select one brain-penetrant compound over another as this value alone by... 

Ovarian hormones influence fluid intake by interaction with the brain renin-angiotensin system and it has been shown that gonadal steroids affect brain fluid-electrolyte balance by interactions with vasopressin. Both hyperos-molarity and increased intracranial pressure stimulate vasopressin release and intraperitoneal administration of vasopressin antagonists decrease brain volume. 

Sporn, A. L., Greenstein, D. K., Gogtay, N. et al. Progressive brain volume loss during adolescence in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 160 2181-2189, 2003. 

Castellanos FX, Lee PP, Sharp W, Jeffries NO, Greenstein DK, Qasen LS, et al (2002) Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA 288(14) 1740-1748... 

The neurons are surrounded by neuroglia (or glia) cells. These differ from the neurons in that they do not have electrically excitable membranes. They comprise nearly half the brain volume and function to separate and support... 

Friedman, Dasari, and colleagues conducted more recent structural MRI studies of children and adolescents 10 to 18 years of age, including 20 with schizophrenia, 15 with BD, and 16 healthy controls. Decreased thalamic volume (adjusted for total brain volume), decreased intracranial volume, and increased frontal and temporal sulcal size were found in the combined patient group compared to measurements in the healthy control group. However, differences were not detected between the two diagnostic groups (Dasari et ah, 1999 Friedman et ah, 1999). 

Wright, I.C., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Woodruff, P.W, David, A.S., Murray, R.M., and Bullmore, E.T. (2000) Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 157 16-25. 

Brain morphometric studies of cocaine abusers have revealed evidence for enlargement of caudate and puta-men during initial abstinence, but no evidence for changes in total brain volume or volume of medial temporal lobe structures (Jacobsen et ah, 2001 a,b). Enlargement of basal ganglia structures likely reflects dopamine depletion that appears to develop following cessation of chronic cocaine use. 

Few brain morphometric studies of opiate abusers have been conducted and these have been poorly controlled and have utilized lower-resolution technologies, such as computed tomography. These preliminary studies have suggested that brain volume may be decreased in chronic opiate abusers. 

Yoshii, F., Barker, W.W., Chang, J.Y., Loewenstein, D.. Apicella, A., Smith, D.. et al. Sensitivity of cerebral glucose metabolism to age, gender, brain volume, brain atrophy, and cerebrovascular risk factors. J. Cerebr. Blood Flow Metab. 8(5), 654-661, 1988. 

Mannitol Physical osmotic effect on tissue water distribution because it is retained in the vascular compartment Marked increase in urine flow, reduced brain volume, decreased intraocular pressure, initial hyponatremia, then hypernatremia Renal failure due to increased solute load (rhabdomyolysis, chemotherapy), increased intracranial pressure, glaucoma IV administration Toxicity Nausea, vomiting, headache... 

In 138 Japanese patients with West syndrome treated with low-dose tetracosactide, the initial effects on seizures and long-term outcome were not related to dose (daily dose 0.005-0.032 mg/kg, 0.2-1.28 IU/kg total dose 0.1-0.87 mg/kg, 4—35 IU/kg) (7). There were moderate or severe adverse effects in 30% of the patients. There was slight loss of brain volume on CT/MRI scans in 64% of the patients, moderate loss in 23%, and severe loss in 4%. The severity of adverse effects correlated with the total dose of corticotropin, and the severity of brain volume loss due to corticotropin correlated well with the daily and total doses. The authors recommended a reduction in the dose of corticotropin in order to avoid serious adverse effects. 

Grubb NR, Fox KA, Smith K, Best J, Blane A, Ebmeier KP, Glabus MF, O Carroll RE (2000) Memory impairment in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors is associated with global reduction in brain volume, not focal hippocampal injury. Stroke 31 1509-1514... 

Steen, R. G., Mull, C., McClure, R., Hamer, R. M., Lieberman, J. A. 2006, Brain volume in first-episode schizophrenia systematic review and metaanalysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies, Br.J.Psychiatry, vol. 188, pp. 510-518. 

Bogerts B, Meertz E, Schonfeldt-Bausch R. 1985. Basal ganglia and limbic system pathology in schizophrenia. A morphometric study of brain volume and shrinkage. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42 784-791. 

Boos HB, Aleman A, Cahn W, Pol HH, Kahn RS. 2007. Brain volumes in relatives of patients with schizophrenia A meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64 297-304. 

Honea R, Crow TJ, Passingham D, Mackay CE. 2005. Regional deficits in brain volume in schizophrenia A meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. Am J Psychiatry 162 ... 

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