Brain differentiated cell

FIGURE 29-5 In the adult rodent brain, dividing cells in the subventricular zone adjacent to the lateral ventricle migrate in the rostral migratory stream (RMS) and differentiate into olfactory neurons in the olfactory bulb (OB). This is one site of neuronal turnover in the adult that appears to result from persistent generation of neurons from adult CNS stem cells. CIS, cerebellum NC, neocortex. 

Adipocytes have an important secretory function. Numerous factors (collectively termed adipokines or adipocytokines), mostly peptides but also eicosanoids are produced by preadipocytes and mature adipocytes (Table 9.3). Some of these factors act in an autocrine or paracrine fashion to regulate adipogenesis, that is differentiation and maturation of adipocytes themselves, whilst others, notably, leptin, adiponectin and some cytokines act in truly endocrine way, having effects on the brain, endothelial cells, liver and skeletal muscle. Disturbance in secretion from adipocytes is associated with eating disorders and metabolic syndrome. 

Proteins that mediate MAR function (MARBPs) appear to control numerous genes expressed in differentiated cells. SMARl, one such MARBP, has been shown to be ubiquitously expressed in all tissues, predominantly in thymus and governs the transition of T cells from DN to DP stage. SATBl is expressed predominantly in thymus but also in brain and several other organs, while GDP expression occurs... 

Olsen JY, Andersen JR, Nielsen PA, Nielsen ML, Figeys D, Mann M, Wisniewski JR. HysTag—a novel proteomic quantification tool applied to differential display analysis of membrane proteins from distinct areas of mouse brain. Mol Cell Proteomics 2004 3 82-92. 

The synergistic action of aluminum ions with fluoride may be the underlying mechanism of the observed neurotoxic effects of fluoride. Chronic exposure of humans to A1FX begins in the fetus. Elevated fluoride content was found in embryonic brain tissues obtained from required abortions in areas where fluorosis was prevalent [78, 124]. These studies showed poor differentiation of brain nerve cells and delayed brain development. High fluoride exposure appears to weaken mental function among children, as well as adults [125, 126]. 

The currently available human brain endothelial cell lines do not provide enough paracellular restriction to be useful in permeability screens, even if their high throughput and ease of culture are of advantage. Another possibility would be to use human pluripotent stem cells, because it might constitute a new way of obtaining a reliable human in vitro BBB model if they can be made to differentiate into endothelial cells displaying the BBB phenotype in vivo. 

Soulier V, Cottet-Emard JM, Pequignot J, Hanchin F, Peyrin L, et al. 1992. Differential effects of long-term hypoxia on norepinephrine turnover in brain stem cell groups. J Appl Physiol 73 1810-1814. 

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