Long-term hypoxia

The most common toxic effects of metformin are gastrointestinal (anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea), which occur in up to 20% of patients. They are dose-related, tend to occur at the onset of therapy, and are often transient. However, metformin may have to be discontinued in 3-5% of patients because of persistent diarrhea. Absorption of vitamin B12 appears to be reduced during long-term metformin therapy, and annual screening of serum vitamin B12 levels and red blood cell parameters has been encouraged by the manufacturer to determine the need for vitamin B12 injections. In the absence of hypoxia or renal or hepatic insufficiency, lactic acidosis is less common with metformin therapy than with phenformin therapy. 

Veasey SC, Zhan G, Fenik P, Pratico D (2004) Long-Term Intermittent Hypoxia Reduced Excitatory Hypoglossal Nerve Output. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 665-672... 

Johnston, I.A. and Bernard, L.M. (1982). Ultrastructure and metabolism of skeletal muscle fibres in the tench effects of long-term acclimation to hypoxia. Cell and Tissue Research 221,179-199. 

Hypoxia can be the long-term result of reduction of blood cell formation in bone marrow. Some toxicants reduce the production of both erythrocytes and leukocytes in marrow, resulting in a... 

These two processes together account for the bulk of the energy savings that allow the very low ATP turnover rates requisite for long-term hypoxia survival. These adjustments are only possible because of ... 

Hagy, J. D., Boynten, W. R., Keefe, C. W., and Wood, K. V. (2004). Hypoxia in Chesapeake Bay, 1950-2001 Long-term change in relation to nutrient loading and river flow. Estuaries 11, 634—658. 

Therapy is determined by the underlying cause. When the condition is secondary to hypoxia accompanying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, long-term oxygen therapy improves symptoms and prognosis anticoagulation is essential when the cause is multiple pulmonary emboli. 

Special forms There are a multitude of factors involved in the pathogenesis of intrahepatic benign postoperative jaundice hypoxia, hypotension, haemolysis, toxins, sepsis and medicaments are just a few of them. (5, 6, 14, 18, 23) Likewise, jaundice in intensive-care patients (2, 7, 15) as well as after long-term total parenteral nutrition belong to this category, (l, 4)... 

Hlinak, Z., Krejci, I. (1990). Long-term behavioural consequences of sodium nitrite hypoxia An animal model. Activitas Nervosa Supererior, 32, 48—49. 

Soulier V, Cottet-Emard JM, Pequignot J, Hanchin F, Peyrin L, et al. 1992. Differential effects of long-term hypoxia on norepinephrine turnover in brain stem cell groups. J Appl Physiol 73 1810-1814. 

Schaffler K, Reeh P. Long-term drug administration effects of Ginkgo biloba on the performance of healthy subjects exposed to hypoxia. In Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extracts on Organic Cerebral Impairment. London Eurotext Ltd., 1985. 

The effects of a ketamine high usually last an hour, but they can last for 4 to 6 hours, and 24 to 48 hours are generally required before the user will feel completely normal again. Effects of chronic use of ketamine may take from several months to 2 years to disappear completely. Low doses (25 to 100 mg) produce psychedelic effects quickly. Large doses can produce vomiting and convulsions and may lead to hypoxia of the brain and muscles 1 g can cause death. Flashbacks may even occur 1 year after use. Long-term effects include tolerance and possible physical and/or psychological dependence. 

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