Boron electroanalytical applications

Boron as a dopant allows silicon and carbon materials to significantly change their conductivity and thereby open up applications in particular with boron-doped diamond (sp -carbon) as mechanically and chemically robust electrode material. The range of beneficial effects of boron in boron-doped diamond as electrode materiaP has been reported. Bio-electrochemical processes like the oxidation of NADH are possible with diamond dominating the interfacial chemistry. The sp nature of the diamond allows adsorption processes to be modified, and electrode erosion to be minimised, with electroanalytical application even under extreme conditions, for example in the presence of ultrasound and for pharmaceutical components. Boron surface functional groups have been reported to be crucial for electron transfer, for example, during glucose oxidation. ... 

Lawrence, N.S., Pagels, M., Meredith, A. et al. (2006) Electroanalytical applications of boron-doped diamond microelectrode arrays. Talanta, 69, 829. 

Electroanalytical Applications of Highly Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode... 

Conductive boron-doped diamond is gaining popularity as a unique electrode material for electroanalytical applications. While its wide electrochemical potential window allows the detection of compounds oxidizing at high potentials, its resistance to the adsorption of chemical species on its surface allows the stable electrochemical detection of a number of different chemical species. Electrochemical pre-treatment of the electrode surface to convert... 

Recent studies revealed great potentialities of the boron-doped diamond electrodes for electroanalytical and environmental-oriented applications. 

Electroanalytical innovation and development of novel sensor electrodes are often driven by progress in materials chemistry. In particular for boron-based structures and assemblies the detection of saccharides plays a very prominent role. Monomeric as well as polymeric borate and boronic esters are reactive towards diols and lead to novel electroanalytical tools as well as new signal amplification strategies. There are many new opportunities arising and this overview will cover some of the recent developments in solid state, surface, and molecular boron structures with application in electroanalysis. 

Although boranes still produce exciting new molecular species like water-stable B(C6Cl5)3 and associated one-electron reduced radical anions, most work in electroanalytical mechanisms is focused on boronie acid derivatives with a more or less strong interaction with a redox active reaction centre. The most literature-abundant redox active boronie acid is ferrocene-boronic acid (as synthesised first by Nesmeyanov ) with a range of selective redox label applications. 

Patel studied the photoresponse of diamond [4, 5], and Tenne et al. reported the reduction of nitrate to ammonia on boron-doped diamond electrodes [6]. Swain and co workers described the low capacitance and featureless background current of diamond electrodes, which are desirable for electroanalytical and sensor applications [7-ll]. Martin and coworkers showed that high quality diamond electrodes had an extremely wide potential window of water stability [12-14]. Miller et al. reported on the use of implanted diamond as an electrode [15], and Carey used... 

We will now go on to summarize some of the applications that have already been treated in the preceding chapters. One of the most apparent of these has been in electroanalytical chemistry. In Chapter 3, this topic has been introduced, and it is shown graphically how the response of a boron-doped electrode (BDD) enables one to carry out the analysis of electroplating bath additives via linear sweep voltammetry, while for a Pt electrode, it does not, due to the high catalytic activity of the latter for reactions such as water oxidation (O2 evolution). 

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