Boophilus ticks

Hair, J.A., W.J. Gladney, R.B. Davey, R.O. Drummond, and P.D. Teel. 1979. Sustained-release famphur bolus for control of Boophilus ticks. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 72 135-138. 

The high cost of developing compounds with limited markets has reversed the trend to narrower spectrum agents. The reversal began with the pyrethroids and has continued with the discovery, from fermentation sources, of the avermectins. In addition to their anthelmintic properties (see Section 1.08.2), a semisynthetic derivative, ivermectin (16), is in use in the control of lice, mites and warbleflies. Activity against Boophilus ticks, including all... 

Ineffective at 3 mg/kg BW against fever ticks (Boophilus annulatus, B. microlopus) and the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis). At 5 mg/kg BW, famphur was effective (87-97%) against fever ticks but ineffective against the dog tick. At the highest daily release rate, famphur was 100% effective against fever ticks between days 12 and 41, but remained ineffective against the dog tick... 

In South America the tick Boophilus annulatis microplus transmits the organism of redwater and the disease is endemic among cattle on most of the northern half of the continent. The standard arsenical sprays no longer control this tick adequately and reinfestation develops rapidly following dipping or spraying with them. 

In South America, as in Africa, toxaphene is at present the material of choice for tick control on cattle. Applied as a spray at the 0.25% dosage, toxaphene controls Boophilus annulatus microplus for nearly 4 weeks. Raising the dosage to 0.75% produced no significant increased the duration of control, according to Laake. A mixture containing 0.25% benzene hexachloride and 0.50% DDT was notably less effective than 0.25% toxaphene. 

Ticks, arachnids of the order Acarina, are bloodsucking parasites which are of major economic importance in cattle production. Infestation by ticks leads to losses in meat and milk production, reduction in hide quality and exposure of the host to any diseases for which the tick is a vector. Moreover, the resulting skin lesions are sites for infestation by other parasites and infection. Control of ticks of the Boophilus species is of major importance in view of their widespread distribution (Australia, South Africa, South America, Mexico and Southern North America). This task has been made more challenging by the emergence of strains resistant to one or more of the classes of compounds described below. 

Chen A, Holmes SP, Pietrantonio PV. Molecular cloning and functional expression of a serotonin receptor from the Southern cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Acari Ixodidae). Insect Mol Biol 2004 13 45-54. 

Successive resistances have driven control of the Boophilus cattle ticks all the way to OP compounds, and from them to chlor-phenamidine (chlordimeform) although it has been recently found that carbaryl is effective in cattle dips if synergized with piperonyl butoxide. The two-spotted mite has gone through a fantastic sequence of acaricides, the only ones to which resistance has not yet been reported being Pentac and the organo-tin compound Plictran. 

Stone, B.F. Knowles, C.O. (1974) A laboratory method for evaluation of chemicals causing detachment of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 12,163-172. 

V., and Nachman, R. J. (2008) Comparison ofinsect kinin analogs with cis-peptide bond, type Vl-turn motifs identifies optimal stereochemistry for interaction with a recombinant arthropod kinin receptor from the southern cattle tick Boophilus microplus. Peptides 29, 295-301. 

The formamidine acaricides and insecticides, chlordimeform and ami-traz, are lethal to all life stages of acarines, but their activity to insects is considerably more restricted (1). Using the southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, and the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, the structural requirements of formamidines for lethality have been elucidated ( -5), an< t ie structure (lethal moiety) for maximum activity is shown in Figure 1. Briefly, the ring must contain two substituents, and they must be located at positions two and four maximum activity was observed when position... 

Baxter, G. D, and Barker, S. C, (199H). Acetylcholinesterase cDNA ol the cattle tick, Boophilus mk mplits Characicfizaiion and role in nrganophosphaie resistance. Insect, Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28,5S1-5S9. 

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