Bones, strengthening

Figure 8-34 An end-on view of a crystallite of hydroxylapatite. The shaded atoms of Ca, P, and O represent an underlying layer. The OH- groups form a longitudinal H-bonded array in the center. From J. A. Weatherell and C. Robinson,705 p. 55. A small amount of Mg2+ is present in place of Ca2+ and a very small fraction of the OH- is replaced by fluoride ion which has a bone strengthening effect.

Percutaneous injection of methylmethacrylate (cementoplasty see Chap. 10) or ethanol (alcoholization) may provide marked pain relief or bone strengthening in patients with malignant acetabular osteolyses who are unable to tolerate surgery. Injection of methylmethacrylate is usually indicated when osteolysis involves the weight-bearing bone (i.e., vertebral body, acetabular roof). In non-weight-bearing bones, ethanol injection is preferred. 

The word "composites" has a modern ring. But using the high strength of fibres to stiffen and strengthen a cheap matrix material is probably older than the wheel. The Processional Way in ancient Babylon, one of the lesser wonders of the ancient world, was made of bitumen reinforced with plaited straw. Straw and horse hair have been used to reinforce mud bricks (improving their fracture toughness) for at least 5000 years. Paper is a composite so is concrete both were known to the Romans. And almost all natural materials which must bear load - wood, bone, muscle - are composites. 

The last decade has witnessed an unprecedented strengthening of the bone between theory and experiment in organic chemistry. Much of this success may be credited to the development of widely applicable, unifying concepts, such as the symmetry rules of Woodward and Hoffmann, and the frontier orbital thee>ry of Eukui. Whereas the the ore tical emphasis had historically been on detailed structure and spectroscopy, the new methods are de signe d to solve pre)blems e>f special importance to organic chemists reactivity, stereochemistry, and mechanisms. 

Chapters 9 and 10 while in this chapter we concentrate on cell-cell structures and their organic chemical communication and the very simple nerve networks between senses and muscles. At the same time a complicated series of organs became involved in intake, synthesis, distribution of material and waste excretion so as to supply suitable material with energy to the whole body and remove excess chemicals. Probably to protect and strengthen the structures, the invertebrates developed external shells but it is only with the arrival of vertebrates, animals with bones, that great internal structural strength with mobility evolved (see Figure 8.6 and Table 8.3). 

The collagen fibers leave small compartments where apatite nanocrystals are deposited during a controlled biomineralization process [20]. The collagen acts as a structural framework in which plate-like nanocrystals of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) are embedded to strengthen the bone. The chemical formula of biological CHA can be represented as follows ... 

Extraordinarily, fragments of the protein of connective tissue known as collagen have recently been extracted from bones of Tyrannosaurus rex. The primary structure of these fragments strengthens the suggestion that birds are our closest extant relatives to dinosaurs. This finding is certain to set off a determined effort to recover additional protein material from ancient fossils. 

Fluoride is the salt, such as sodium fluoride, of the element fluorine. It is readily absorbed by the intestine and is incorporated into bone or tooth enamel. When incorporated into teeth, fluoride strengthens the outer layers of enamel, thus reducing dental caries. It is generally accepted that addition of fluoride to the drinking water (approximately 1 ppm) is beneficial for the reduction in childhood dental caries. 

N.A. Phenol, lignan, oleic acid, linoleic acid, protein, vitamins , E, folic acid.165166 An antioxidant, antitumor, antimitotic, antiviral, prevent breast cancer. Internally for premature hair loss and graying, strengthen bones and teeth. 

China Geranium dahuricum DC G. eriostemon Fisch. ex DC G. sibiricum L. G. wilfordi Maxim. Kaempferitrin, gallic acid, quercetin, succinic acid, tannin.48-50-65 Astringent, for diarrhea, endometritis, nervous diseases, numbness of limbs, pains, rheumatism. It helps circulation and strengthens bones and tendons. 

Medications to strengthen bones reduce the risk of breaking a hip by 50 percent among patients with osteoporosis (or loss of bone density). 

Gui Ban is salty, sweet and cold, and enters the Kidney and Heart meridians. It nourishes the Yin and strengthens the Kidney, tonifies the blood and calms the mind. It is used when the Yin, essence and blood in the Lower-Jiao are severely injured. It can also reduce the heat and treat bone steaming due to Yin deficiency in warm-febrile disease. Its function of tonifying the Yin is stronger than its function of reducing deficient heat. 

Herbs that can enter the Kidney meridian, strengthen the bones and benefit the back and legs are often used. 

Deputy Strengthen the Kidney-Yang in order to generate Yin, strengthen the back and benefit to the bones... 

These two herbs can strengthen the bones and tendons and are often used for weakness of the back and legs due to Kidney deficiency. In clinical practice, they are often used for different types of arthritis, infertility, menstrual disorders and habitual miscarriage. 

Huai Niu Xi, as assistant, strengthens the bones and tendons, and regulates the blood. 

Herbs that enter the Kidney, strengthen the bones, expel wind, cold and dampness and benefit the back and legs are also often used. Herbs that regulate Qi and promote water metabolism are used to reduce the cloying nature of the tonifying herbs, to aid digestion and to make the whole formula more active and effective. 

Assistant Strengthen the bones, stabilize the Kidney-essence, expel wind, cold and dampness, stimulate and accelerate water metabolism and eliminate dampness, regulate the Qi... 

These two herbs are warm in nature and enter the Kidney meridian directly. They are able to tonify the Kidney-Yang. They have a strong point of strengthening the bones, and are often selected to treat a cold and weak back and limbs. Du Zhong is also able to tonify the Kidney, calm the fetus and prevent habitual miscarriage. 

Du Zhang is another deputy. It particularly strengthens the back and benefits the bones. 

Assistant Expel wind, cold, dampness and relax tendons, tonify the Qi and blood, strengthen tendons and bones... 

These three herbs are bitter and warm, and enter the Liver and Kidney meridians. They have the functions of expelling wind-dampness, tonifying the Liver and Kidney and strengthening the tendons and bones. Although they can all treat chronic Bi syndrome and Wei syndrome characterized by stiff joints, sore and painful back and knees, weakness of the muscles of the legs and difficulty with walking, there are some differences in their functions ... 

Gou Ji enters not only the Liver and Kidney meridians, but also the Du meridian it is especially effective in strengthening the bones, opening the obstruction and treating stiffness, weakness and pain of the back or the whole spinal column. 

In chronic Bi and Wei syndromes, because both the Liver and Kidney are weak, and the bones, tendons and muscles are all weak, these herbs can be used together to strengthen the therapeutic effects. 

The third type of compound used extensively as a structural component is apatite, CadPO jX. Hydroxyapatite (X = OH) is the major component of bone tissue in tbe vertebrate skeleton. It is also the principal strengthening naierial in teeth. Partial formation of fluorapatite (X = F) from application of fluondes strengthens the structure and causes it to be less soluble in the add formed from fermenting organic material, hence a reduction of caries. Fluorapatite is also used structurally in certain Brachiopod shells. 

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