Injectable composites bone cements

Polypropylene fumarate (PPF) has been in development since the mid-1990s as an injectable, absorbable bone cement with tissue engineering potential. In a 5-week in vivo study in rats, a PPF-based composite crosslinked with N-vinylpyrrolidinone showed good biocompatibility with bone ingrowth and no inflammatory response. Peter and co-workers provide an extensive review of the early development of PPF composite materials, including information about its synthesis, crosslinking, degradation, and... 

Major polymer applications optical fibers, dials, optical components, household items, car rear lights, artificial stones (filled products) for injection molded bath sinks, and kitchen worktops, bone cement, composites, medical applications (e.g. bone cement)... 

Peter, S. J., Kim, P., Yasko, A. W., Yaszemski, M. J. Mikos, A. G. (1999) Crosslinking characteristics of an injectable poly(propylene fumarate)/beta-tricalcium phosphate paste and mechanical properties of the crosslinked composite for use as a biodegradable bone cement. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 44, 314-321. 

Cui, G., Li, J., Lei, W. et al. 2010. The mechanical and biological properties of an injectable calcium phosphate cement-fibrin glue composite for bone regeneration. / Biomed Mater Res B 92B 377-85. 

P.Q. Ruhe, et al., rhBMP-2 Release from Injectable Poly(DL-Lactic-co-glycolic Acid)/ Calcium-Phosphate Cement Composites. /. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 85(suppl 3) 75-81,2003. 

Pan, W., Li, D., Wei, Y, Hn, Y, Zhou, L., 2013. Tendon-to-bone healing using an injectable calcium phosphate cement combined with bone xenograft/BMP composite. Biomaterials 34 (38), 9926-9936. http //dx.doi.Org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.018. 

Ruhe, P. Q., Fledberg, E. L., Padron, N. T., Spauwen, P. H., Jansen, J. A. Mikos, A. G. (2003) rhBMP-2 release from injectable poly(DL-lactic-co-glycohc acid)/calcium-phosphate cement composites. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 85-A Suppl 3, 75—81. 

Caleium phosphate cements (CPCs) have been investigated extensively as injectable bone replacement biomaterials due to their similar chemical composition to the mineral component of bone. A Umitation of CPCs is their brittle mechanical properties and slow degradation in vivo Therefore, enhancing the mechanical properties, injectability, and rate of cellular infiltration and remodeling of CPCs while preserving their favorable biocompatibility is an important and active area of research. While ceramic biomaterials are discussed in greater detail in Chapter 2, the biocompatibihty of conventional CPCs, as well as the implications of recent advancements on the biocompatibility of these biomaterials, will be reviewed in this chapter. 

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