Body fluids saturation

Fretting in air-saturated aqueous electrolytes, such as seawater or body fluids , produces enhanced removal of material by stimulation of electrochemical reactions, increasing the reaction rates by factors of 10 to 200 compared with air, depending on the frequency. The importance of the chemical... 

Results were obtained on the calcium phosphate growth on phosphory-lated chitin fibres using the urea/H3P04 method and subsequently soaked in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution and in simulated body fluid solution. 

Phenylalanine (Phe or F) (2-amino-3-phenyl-propanoic acid) is a neutral, aromatic amino acid with the formula HOOCCH(NH2)CH2C6H5. It is classified as nonpolar because of the hydrophobic nature of the benzyl side chain. Tyr and Phe play a significant role not only in protein structure but also as important precursors for thyroid and adrenocortical hormones as well as in the synthesis of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and noradrenaline. The genetic disorder phenylketonuria (PKU) is the inability to metabolize Phe. This is caused by a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase with the result that there is an accumulation of Phe in body fluids. Individuals with this disorder are known as phenylketonurics and must abstain from consumption of Phe. A nonfood source of Phe is the artificial sweetener aspartame (L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester), which is metabolized by the body into several by-products including Phe. The side chain of Phe is immune from side reactions, but during catalytic hydrogenations the aromatic ring can be saturated and converted into a hexahydrophenylalanine residue. ... 

In this paper a static linear elastic deformation problem for a fluid saturated solid is formulated in which the behavior of the solid matrix is described by a second gradient model. The non-deformed configuration, chosen as a reference configuration, for the considered mixture can not be stress-free indeed the saturating fluid must exhibit internal stresses acting both on the solid constituent and on its sub-bodies. 

Because most of the first transition series elements are essential in biological systems there is considerable interest in the possibility that transferrins may be involved in their binding and translocation. This is certainly a distinct possibility, because neither transferrin nor lactoferrin is more than 30% saturated with iron in body fluids. There is as yet little hard evidence, however. Transferrin has been reported to be the main carrier for manganese in blood (158), just as lactoferrin is in milk (25), and thermodynamic studies suggest that transferrin is also capable of competing with serum albumin for zinc under the... 

Ml. Maas, A. H. J., pH determination of body fluids with a micro glass electrode and a saturated KCl bridge in the cell. Clin. Chim. Acta 28, 373-390 (1970). 

Solutions include different combinations in which a solid, liquid, or gas acts as either solvent or solute. Usually the solvent is a liquid. For instance, sea water is an aqueous solution of many salts and some gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen. Carbonated water is a saturated solution of carbon dioxide in water. Solutions are common in nature and are extremely important in all life processes, in all scientific areas, and in many industrial processes. The body fluids of all forms of life are solutions. Variations in concentrations of our bodily fluids, especially those of blood and urine, give physicians valuable clues about a person s health. Solutions in which the solvent is not a liquid are also common. Air is a solution of gases with variable composition. Dental fillings are solid amalgams, or solutions of liquid mercury dissolved in solid metals. Alloys are solid solutions of solids dissolved in a metal. 

The measurement of enzyme activity plays a key role in clinical chemistry because increased enzyme activities in body fluids often indicate damages to the tissues and cells of certain organs. Enzyme activity determination is usually carried out by measuring the initial rate of the enzyme reaction of interest in the presence of a saturating substrate concentration. 

The solubility of cholesterol esters in water or in body fluids differs significantly, depending on the nature of the FA with which cholesterol is esterified. Their solubility presumably has a bearing on the atherogenicity of cholesterol esters. Thus, LA, LNA, and AA esters would be less atherogenic than esters of monoenoic or saturated FA. 

This method was developed by Dearden and Tomlinson. It consists of four compartments. One compartment represents the oral cavity, and initially contains an appropriate concentration of drug in a buffer. The next compartment represents the buccal membrane and the third compartment represents body fluid. The last compartment represents protein binding. Before use, the solutions in first, second, and fourth compartments are saturated with each other. Samples were withdrawn and returned to the first compartment with a syringe. 

Two milliliters of mixed solution of potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid is added to a 50 ml Widmark flask and 0.2 ml of a body fluid is placed in a glass spoon whose stem is fused to the center of a glass stopper that seals the flask. The stoppered flask is heated at 50-60°C for 2h to allow the simultaneous distillation and oxidation reaction to be completed, and cooled at room temperature. The flask is unsealed and 25 ml of distilled water is added to the flask. After cooling, 0.5 ml of potassium iodide solution is added and precipitated iodine is titrated with 0.01 N sodium thiosulfate using 1% starch in sodium chloride-saturated water as an indicator. The amount of alcohol (mg) is calculated by the following formula 0.113 x (consumed volume (ml) of sodium thiosulfate solution in the sample consumed volume (ml) of sodium thiosulfate solution in a diluted intact dichromate solution). 

The common fatty acids (FAs) of plant and animal origin contain several carbon atoms in their straight chains with a terminal carboxyl group. Some of the saturated FAs in tissues or body fluids are used as the qualitative biomarkers for fatty acids intake and peroxisomal disorders. GC-MS has been widely used for the determination of FAs in biological mixtures including their methyl, benzyl, and trimethylsilyl esters. The appropriate choice of derivatization in GC-MS with electron impact ionization is primarily concerned not only for GC properties, but also for the selection of efficient quantitative ions in the... 

Blood and body fluids include bulk laboratory specimens of blood tissue, sanen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, and amniotic fluid. Precautions do not apply to feces, nasal secretions, sputum, sweat, tears, urine, or vomit unless they contain visible blood. Handle free-flowing materials or items saturated to the point of dripping liquids containing visible blood or blood components. Pathological waste includes all discarded waste from renal dialysis contaminated with peritoneal fluid or blood visible to the human eye. Consider solid renal dialysis waste as medical waste if saturated and demonstrate the potential to drip/splash blood or other regulated body fluids. Waste sharps include any used or unused discarded article that may cause punctures or cuts. 

Fischbr and Klingblhollbr [31] describe the toxicological detection and the necessary isolation from organs and body fluids. They chromatographed also on silica gel G layers, using the standard method with chamber saturation but at higher temperature (30—31° C). The length of run was 12 cm and solvents were methylene dichloride-methanol-10% ammonium hydroxide solution (60+ 35 + 5) and (80 + 20 + 3), i. e., solvent II of Table 140. 

GOUT AND KIDNEY STONES A PROBLEM OF SATURATION IN BODY FLUIDS... 

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