Body fat distribution

Hegele, R. A., Anderson, C., Young, T. K. Connelly, P. W. (1999). G-protein beta3 subunit gene splice variant and body fat distribution in Nunavut Inuit. Genome Res., 9, 972-7. 

Nguyen MC, Stewart RB, Banerji MA, Gordon DH, Krai JG. Relationships between tamoxifen use, liver fat and body fat distribution in women with breast cancer. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001 25(2) 296-8. 

Mori Y, Murakawa Y, Okada K, Horikoshi H, Yokoyama J, Tajima N, Ikeda Y. Effect of troglitazone on body fat distribution in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1999 22(6) 908-12. 

Akazawa S, Sun F, Ito M, Kawasaki E, Eguchi K. Efficacy of troglitazone on body fat distribution in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000 23(8) 1067-71. 

The HPA axis, the mediator of cortisol, also plays a central role in the homeostatic processes in human. Subjects with abdominal obesity show several signs of a perturbed regulation of the HPA axis. This is known to occur after chronic, submissive stress. In contrast, perceived environmental stress depends on personality characteristics [111]. Rosmond et al. found that men with cluster A personality disorders showed centralized body fat distribution independent of dexamethasone suppression. In contrast, men with impulsive (cluster B) and anxious (cluster C) personality disorders often have abdominal obesity in combination with a blunted dexamethasone suppression test, indicating a HPA axis disturbance [111],... 

Zamboni, M., Atmellini, F., Turcato, E., Todesco, T, Bissoli, L., Bergamo-Andreis, ]., and Bosello, O, (1993). Effect of weight loss on regional body fat distribution in premenopausal women. Am. j. Clin. Nutr. SS, 29-34. 

Haffner, S, M, Gingerich, K. L., Miettinen, H., and Stem, M. R (1996). Leptin concentrations in relation to overall adiposity and regional body fat distribution in Mexican Americans. Ini.. Obesilj/ 20, 904-908. 

TABLE 7.2 Search for Differences in Body Fat Distribution in Black and White Women... 

Zamboni, M., Armellini, E, Turcato, E., Todisco, E, Gallagher, D., Grave, R., Heymsfield, S., and Bosello, O. (1997). Body fat distribution before and after weight gain in anorexia nervosa. Int. J. Obesity 21, 33-36. 

Testosterone is known to affect body fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in men. Testosterone administration has been shown to reduce total fat mass and improve insulin sensitivity. ]6°1... 

Hetherington AW, Ranson SW. Hypothalamic lesions and adiposity in the rat. Anat Rec 1940 78 149-172. Hill JO, Peters JC, Lin D, Yakubu F, Greene H, Swift L. Lipid accumulation and body fat distribution is... 

Norman RJ, Hight IH, Rees MC. Oestrogen and progestogen hormone replacement therapy for perimenopausal and post-menopausal women Weight and body fat distribution. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000 CD001018. 

Schapira DV, Kumar NB, Lyman GH. Obesity, body fat distribution and sex hormones in breast cancer patients. Cancer 1991 67 2215-2218. 

The condition of excessive GC production is known as Cushing s disease, which is characterized by a typical moon face appearance. This results from loss of muscle mass and changes in body fat distribution. 

Waist Circumference. The waist circumference is another anthropometric measurement that serves as an indicator of body composition but is used as a measure of obesity and body fat distribution (the apple shape ), not malnutrition. It is the distance around the natural waist of a standing individual (at the umbilicus). A high-risk waistline is more than 35 inches (88 cm) for women and more than 40 inches (102 cm) for men. 

D. Effects on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metaboiism The use of protease inhibitors in HAART drug combinations has led to the development of disorders in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It has been suggested that this is due to the inhibition of lipid-regulating proteins which have active sites with structural homology to that of HIV protease. The syndrome includes hyperglycemia and insulin resistance or hyperlipidemia, with altered body fat distribution. Buffalo hump, gynecomastia, and truncal obesity may occur with facial and peripheral lipodystrophy. The syndrome has been observed with protease inhibitors used in HAART regimens, with an incidence of 30-50% and a median onset time of approximately 1 year s duration of treatment. 

Bertoli, A. et al., Lipid profile, BMI, body fat distribution, and aerobic fitness in men with metabolic syndrome, cto. DiabetoL, 40 (Suppl. 1), SI30, 2003. 

Sakane N, Yoshida T, Umekawa T, Kogure A, Takakura Y, Kondo M. Effects of Trp64Arg mutation in the beta 3-adrenergic receptor gene on weight loss, body fat distribution, glycemic control, and insulin resistance in obese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1997 20 1887-1890. 

Forouhi, N.G., Sattar, N., and McKeigue, PM. (2001) Relation of C-Reactive Protein to Body Fat Distribution and Features of the Metabolic Syndrome in Europeans and South Asians, Int. J. Obes. 25,1327-1331. 

Gavi, S., Stuart, L. M., Kelly, P. et al. 2007. Retinol-binding protein 4 is associated with insulin resistance and body fat distribution in nonobese subjects without type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol. Metab 92 1886-1890. 

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