Blue-green algae toxins

Blue-Green Algae Toxin Blue-Green Algae Toxin Bluetongue... 

MOORE Marine Blue-Green Algae Toxins... 

Puschner, B., Humbert, J.F. (2007). Cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) toxins. In Veterinary Toxicology Basic and Clinical Principles (R.C. Gupta, ed.), pp. 714-25. Academic/Elsevier Press, London. 

Natural Toxins from Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae)... 

Cyanobacteria toxins are toxins produced by certain species of blue-green algae that have become a major environmental and public health concern. The behavior of cyanotoxins during chlorination treatment has been recently reviewed by Merel et al. [129]. Chlorination DBFs have been reported only for the hepatotoxins microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin. Other cyanotoxins, such as nodularins, saxitoxins, and anatoxins, have yet to be investigated. Different isomers of six chlorination products of microcystin-LR have been characterized dihydroxy-microcystin, monochloro-microcystin, monochloro-hydroxy-microcystin, monochloro-dihydroxy-microcystin, dichloro-dihydroxy-microcystin, and trichloro-hydroxy-microcystin. Only two chlorination DBFs have been reported so far for cylindrospermopsin 5-chloro-cylindros-permopsin and cylindrospermopsic acid [129]. Chlorination of microcystin, cylindrospermopsin, and nodularins seems to reduce the mixture toxicity however, this aspect has not been extensively studied [129]. 

Carmichael WW, Mahmood NA, Edward GH, Natural toxins from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), in Marine toxins, ACS symposium series 418, Halls S, strihartz G (eds.), Am Chem Soc Washington DC 1990, 1987. 

Carmichael WW, Status report on planktonic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and their toxins, Report 149, 1992. 

Throughout the world, there are many different types of innocuous phytoplankton that can inhabit freshwater ecosystems. However, in some of these ecosystems, certain species of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are highly undesirable due to their production of toxins or odorous compounds. 

The potent toxin microcystin [blue-green algae inhibit one of the phosphatases (PP2A)] increases mitogenic activity and so is a tumor promoter at low-level exposures. The liver toxicity at high levels of acute exposure is probably also due to disturbances in protein phosphorylation. 

K.L. Rinehart, G.R. Shaw and G.K. Eaglesham, Structure and biosynthesis of toxins from blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), J. Appl. Phycol., 6... 

W.W. Carmichael, V. Beasley, D.L. Bunner, J.N. Eloff, I.R. Falconer, P. Gorham, K.-I. Harada, T. Krishnamurthy, Y. Min-Juan, R.E. Moore, K. Rinehart, M. Runnegar, O.M. Skulberg and M. Watanabe, Naming of cyclic heptapeptide toxins of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), Toxicon, 26 (1988) 971-973. 

I.R. Falconer, Measurement of toxins from blue-green algae in water and foodstuffs. In I.R. Falconer (Ed.), Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water, Academic Press, London, 1993, pp. 165-175. 

D.J. Gilroy, K.W. Kauffman, R.A. Hall, X. Huang and F.S. Chu, Assessing potential health risks from microcystin toxins in blue-green algae dietary supplements, Environ. Health Perspect., 108 (2000) 435-439. 

Cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae) occur widely in lakes, reservoirs, ponds and slow-flowing rivers. Many species are known to produce toxins, a number of which are of concern for health. Several different cyanotoxins, varying in structure, may be found within cells or released into water. There is wide variation in the toxicity of known cyanotoxins (including... 

Toxin from blue-green algae (cyanobacteria),... 

Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) can occur in surface water bodies used for water supply Some species of cyanobacteria contain toxins of concern to human health (e.g. microcystins), and these can be released when algal cell walls are ruptured, There is a wide range of potential toxins and it appears that not all of the possible toxins have been identified. 

Toxins such as microcystin LR and associated substances can be very difficult to analyse at low concentrations in water. Therefore, it is preferable to control blue-green algae by preventing algal blooms in source waters. There are treatment options for microcystin LR and related substances, but these require careful assessment for example, it is particularly important to ensure that algal cells are removed. 

Billings, W. H. 1981. Water-associated human illness in northeast Pennsylvania and its suspected association with blue-green algae blooms. In The Water Environment Algal Toxins and Health, ed. Carmichael, W.W. New York Plenum Press, 243-255. 

Carmichael, W.W, Beasley, V, Bunner, D.L., Eloff, IN., Ealconer, I., Gorham, P, Harada, K.-L, Krishnamurthy T, Min-Juan, Y, Moore, R.E., Rinehart, K., Runnegar, M., Skulberg, O.M., and Watanabe, M. 1988. Naming of cyclic heptapeptide toxins of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Toxicon 26 971-973. 

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