Blood volatile organic compounds

Ashley DL, Bonin MA, Hamar B, et al. 1995. Removing the smoking confounder from blood volatile organic compounds measurements. Environmental Research 71(l) 39-45. 

O Hara, M. E., Clutton-Brock, T. H., Green, S. et al. (2009) Mass spectrometric investigations to obtain the first direct comparisons of endogenous breath and blood volatile organic compound concentrations in healthy volunteers. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 281, 92. 

PBPK models have also been used to explain the rate of excretion of inhaled trichloroethylene and its major metabolites (Bogen 1988 Fisher et al. 1989, 1990, 1991 Ikeda et al. 1972 Ramsey and Anderson 1984 Sato et al. 1977). One model was based on the results of trichloroethylene inhalation studies using volunteers who inhaled 100 ppm trichloroethylene for 4 horns (Sato et al. 1977). The model used first-order kinetics to describe the major metabolic pathways for trichloroethylene in vessel-rich tissues (brain, liver, kidney), low perfused muscle tissue, and poorly perfused fat tissue and assumed that the compartments were at equilibrium. A value of 104 L/hour for whole-body metabolic clearance of trichloroethylene was predicted. Another PBPK model was developed to fit human metabolism data to urinary metabolites measured in chronically exposed workers (Bogen 1988). This model assumed that pulmonary uptake is continuous, so that the alveolar concentration is in equilibrium with that in the blood and all tissue compartments, and was an expansion of a model developed to predict the behavior of styrene (another volatile organic compound) in four tissue groups (Ramsey and Andersen 1984). 

As part of the Third National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES 111), the Environmental Health Laboratory Sciences Division of the National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control, will be analyzing human blood samples for trichloroethylene and other volatile organic compounds. These data will give an indication of the frequency of occurrence and background levels of these compounds in the general population. 

Ramsey JD, Flanagan RJ. 1982. Detection and identification of volatile organic compounds in blood by headspace gas chromatography as an aide to the diagnosis of solvent abuse. J Chromatogr 240 423-444. 

Blood samples for analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including hexachloroethane should be collected into containers from which VOC contamination has been reduced (Ashley et al. 1992). Potassium oxalate/sodium fluoride is the recommended anti-coagulant. Blood samples should be placed on ice or refrigerated shortly after collection, and Ashley et al. (1992) recommend that analysis for VOCs be completed within 14 days. 

Ashley DL, Bonin MA, Cardinali FL. 1992. Determining volatile organic compounds in human blood from a large sample population by using purge and trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 64 1021-1029. 

Ashley DL, Bonin MA, Cardinali FL, et al. 1994. Blood concentration of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure. Clin Chem 40(7) 1401-1409. 

Cardinali FL, McCraw JM, Ashley DL, et al. 1994. Production of blank water for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in human blood at the low parts-per-trillion level. J Chromatogr Sci 32(1) 41-45. 

The Environmental Health Laboratory Sciences Division of the Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control, Centers for Disease Control, is developing methods for the analysis of bromomethane and other volatile organic compounds in blood. These methods use purge and trap methodology and magnetic mass spectrometry which gives detection limits in the low parts per trillion range. 

Zweidinger R, Erickson M, Cooper S, et al. 1982. Direct measurement of volatile organic compounds in breathing-zone air, drinking water, breath, blood, and urine. Washington, DC US Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 600/4-82-015. 

No studies were located regarding the tissue distribution of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in humans after inhalation exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene. The compound has been found, however, in human blood, fatty tissue, and breast milk, presumably as a result of exposure via inhalation. In a study of Tokyo residents, detectable levels of 1,4-dichlorobenzene were found in all of 34 adipose tissue samples and all of 16 blood samples tested (Morita and Ohi 1975 Morita et al. 1975). In a national survey of various volatile organic compounds (VOC) found in composites of human adipose tissue, samples were collected from persons living in the nine geographic areas that comprise the United States (within this survey). 

Abraham, M.H., Ibrahim, A., Zhao, Y., Acree, W.E. A data base for partition of volatile organic compounds and drugs from blood/plasma/serum to brain, and an LFER analysis of the data. J. Pharm. Sci. 2006, 95, 2091-100. 

Etzel, R.A. Ashley, D.L. (1994) Volatile organic compounds in the blood of persons in Kuwait during the oil fires. Int. Arch, occup. environ. Health, 66, 125-129 Fellin, P. Otson, R. (1994) Assessment of the influence of climatic factors on concentration levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Canadian homes. Atmos. Environ., 28, 3581-3586... 

New York Developing capacity to monitor for polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urine, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in serum, organochlorine pesticides in serum, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in blood, cotinine in saliva, trace elements in blood and urine, inorganic mercury in blood and to generate data on exposure to persistent organic pollutants (CDC 2005). 

Studies which involved controlled human exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) combined with repeated blood sampling have enabled researchers to evaluate the utility of PBPK models for interpreting biomonitoring results taken under non-steady-state conditions (Canuel et al. 2000 Tan et al. 2005 Sohn et al. 2004). 

Purge-and-trap techniques in which volatile analytes are evolved from blood or urine in a gas stream and collected on a trap for subsequent chromatographic analysis have been developed. Such a technique employing gas chromatographic separation and Fourier transform infrared detection has been described for a number of volatile organic compounds in blood.6... 

Schroers, H.-J. and Jermann, E., Determination of physiological levels of volatile organic compounds in blood using static headspace capillary gas chromatography with serial triple detection, Analyst, 123, 715-720, 1998. 

Ojanpera, I., Pihlainen, K., and Vuori, E., Identification limits for volatile organic compounds in the blood by purge-and-trap GC-FTIR, J. Anal. Toxicol., 22, 290-295, 1998. 

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