Blood vessel, component

Nitric oxide (NO) is a minor but villainous component of the atmosphere. It is involved in the formation of both smog (Chapter 11) and acid rain (Chapter 14). You may be surprised to learn that small amounts of NO are also produced in the human body, where it has a generally beneficial effect. In particular, it has the ability to dilate blood vessels, lowering blood pressure and reducing the likelihood of strokes or heart attacks. Beyond that, NO is effective in treating what television commercials refer to as erectile dysfunction it increases blood flow to the penis. 

Antibody targeting Use of mono-and bispecific antibodies to target components of angiogenic blood vessels (e.g., VEGF receptors, endoglin, L19 antigen) to deliver specific angio- and/or tumoricidal activity... 

Most bones of the human skeleton are composed of two structurally distinct types of tissue compact (dense) and trabecular (cancellous, spongy) bone. Both types contain the same elements cells ( osteocytes) embedded in a mineralised matrix and connected by small canals ( canaliculi ). In compact bone, which makes up 85% of the skeleton, these components form elongated cylinders of concentric lamellae surrounding a central blood vessel (called osteon or Haversian system). Cancellous bone, in contrast, forms thin,... 

Collagen is a major component of connective tissue that becomes exposed at the subendothelium of injured blood vessels. It contributes to platelet adhesion and also plays a role in platelet activation by binding to several receptors on platelets such as integrin a 2(3 1 or glycoprotein VI (GP VI). 

In sympathetically innervated tissues, such as vas deferens or blood vessels, ATP produces fast responses mediated by P2X receptors followed by a slower component mediated by G protein-coupled a-adrenoceptors (Fig. 2) NPY usually acts as a pre-or postjunctional modulator of the release and/or action of NA and ATP. Similarly, for parasympathetic nerves supplying the urinary bladder, ATP provokes a fast, short-lasting twitch response via P2X receptors, whereas the slower component is mediated by G... 

Cardiovascular Effects. Eesions in the heart and blood vessels have been reported in humans acutely intoxicated with methyl parathion (Wofatox) (Fazekas 1971) and are discussed in Section 3.2.2.2. However, many of these lesions may be secondary to the effects of methyl parathion on the conduction system of the heart, to other components ingested, or to therapeutic regimens that some of these patients received. 

Approximately 15 per cent of osteoblasts become entrapped in their own matrix to become osteocytes. Osteocytes have a vast three-dimensional network of cell processes (canaliculi), providing nourishment and cell-cell interactions. Because they are located throughout bone tissue and have an extensive canalicular network, osteocytes are assumed to be a vital component of sensing mechanical signals. Nutrients are essential for the vitality of bone tissue and are obtained from the blood supply, limiting most osteocytes to lie within 150 p.m of a blood vessel, resulting in a high cellular density 25000 osteocytes within a square millimetre of bone... 

Bone is a porous tissue composite material containing a fluid phase, a calcified bone mineral, hydroxyapatite (HA), and organic components (mainly, collagen type). The variety of cellular and noncellular components consist of approximately 69% organic and 22% inorganic material and 9% water. The principal constiments of bone tissue are calcium (Ca ), phosphate (PO ), and hydroxyl (OH ) ions and calcium carbonate. There are smaller quantities of sodium, magnesium, and fluoride. The major compound, HA, has the formula Caio(P04)g(OH)2 in its unit cell. The porosity of bone includes membrane-lined capillary blood vessels, which function to transport nutrients and ions in bone, canaliculi, and the lacunae occupied in vivo by bone cells (osteoblasts), and the micropores present in the matrix. 

The retina comprises two principal components, the non-neural retinal pigment epithelium and the neural retina. The retinal pigment epithelium is an essential component of the visual system both structurally and functionally. It is important for the turnover and phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments, the metabolism of retinoids, the exchange of nutrients between the photoreceptors, and the choroidal blood vessels and the maintenance of an efficient outer blood-retinal barrier. 

Blood vessels that supply the abdominal organs, muscle, and mesentery serve as the blood component of the system. 

Explain the function of each component of the blood vessel wall... 

Ependymal cells abut layers of astrocytes, which in turn envelop neurons, neurites and vascular components. In addition to neurons and glial cells, such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, the normal CNS parenchyma contains blood vessels and microglial cells, the resident macrophages of the CNS. 

Normally, quiescent platelets freely circulate through the vasculature, reflective of the hemocompatible character of the vascular endothelium and the anti-thrombotic nature of healthy human blood vessels. Traumatic vascular damage incites a spatially and temporally coordinated platelet transformation encompassing several major, sequential phenotypic changes platelet adhesion to subendothelial matrix components... 

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