Blood tail vein

FIGURE 2 9-3 Intravenous administration of stem cells can reconstitute the blood forming system, and may provide cells to other tissues. In classical studies, Till and McCulloch administered dissociated bone marrow cells in the tail vein of lethally irradiated mice and found that the grafted cells repopulated the hematopoietic system and allowed the animals to survive. More recent studies suggest that blood cells also travel to sites of injury, where they may give rise to non-blood-tissue progeny. 

Blood collection from the tail vein is a simple and rapid, nonsurgical method which does not require anesthesia. A relatively large number of serial samples can be obtained within a short period of time. However, this method is limited to relatively small sample volumes (<250 pi per sample). Although larger volumes can be obtained by placing the rat in a wanning chamber, this procedure could significantly influence the disposition of the test compound and therefore is not recommended for routine studies. Blood collected from the cut tail has been shown to provide valid concentration data for numerous compounds. 

Anesthetize animals (see Note 1), and take a blood sample from the jugular or tail vein into a capped 0.5- or 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tube to act as a preimmune sample. Allow it to clot, centrifuge at 1500g, remove the serum, and store at -20°C... 

From the tail vein, small amounts of blood for monitoring systemic bacterial dissemination from the local site of infection can be collected at different times of infection without the need to kill the animal (see Note 10) ... 

Male Wistar rats weighing 120-150 g are treated orally with the test compound or the standard 30 min prior to intravenous injection via the tail vein with 2.5 ml/kg of a 3 % aqueous solution of phenolsul-fonphthalein. For intravenous application, 5.0 ml/kg of the test drug solution are injected immediately after the phenolsulfonphthalein injection followed by flushing with 2.5 ml/kg saline. By retro-orbital puncture blood samples are withdrawn after 30, 60 and 180 min. Blood (0.2 ml) is diluted with 2 ml... 

Guinea pigs, hamsters, or mice are anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (i.p.) and Rompun (i.m.) and placed on an electrically warmed table at 37 °C. The carotid artery is cannulated for blood withdrawal and the jugular vein is cannulated to administer the thrombocytopenia-inducing substances collagen + adrenaline (injection of the mixture of both within 10 s) or PAF or thrombin. In mice collagen + adrenaline are injected into a tail vein. 

However, a less traumatic and much more feasible rat model has recently been proposed by Pillion et al. and other groups [48,49], In this model, the rats are anesthetized and kept on their backs then the drug solution is administered directly into the nose by inserting a pipette about 3-5 mm into each nostril. In some cases the drug is administered into only one nostril so as to prevent blockage. The rats then remain on their backs long enough for the formulation to come into contact with the nasal mucosa. Blood samples are then collected from the tail vein. 

Studies [109,110] have shown that small changes in physical properties of emulsions can influence the elimination rate of these formulations from the blood. Indeed, an organ distribution study of stearylamine-based cationic or deoxycholic acid-based anionic nanosized emulsions and Intralipid, a well-known commercial anionic emulsion, containing 14C-CO was carried out following injection into the tail vein of male BALB/c mice (20-26g) at a volume of 5mL/kg [111, 112], Since CO... 

Baicalein or baicalin was administered orally to rats 1 h before the injection of endotoxin (0.1 mg/kg) into the tail vein. Blood samples woe withdrawn om die heart under anaesthesia with pentobarbital 4 h after the injection of oidotoxin. 

Take a 150 fil blood sample from each rat from the opposite tail vein immediately afrer injection of liposomes. 

Athymic mice with induced tumours were used to study biodistribution. For these studies, 11 MBq (30 gCi) of Tc-BN 1, Lu-DOTA-MG or Lu-DOTATATE in 0.04 mL was injected into the tail vein. The mice (n = 3- per time point) were sacrificed at 5,15 and 30 min, and 1.5,3 and 4 h post-injection, or, in the case of Tc-BN, at 2 h post-injection. The heart, spleen and kidneys, and samples of lung, liver, blood, stomach, intestines, muscle and bone were rinsed with saline, blotted with paper and placed into preweighed plastic test tubes. The activity was determined in a well type scintillation detector (Canberra) along with six 0.5 mL ahquots of the diluted standard representing 100% of the injected activity. The mean activity was used to obtain the percentage of injected dose per gram of tissue (% ID/g). 

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