Blood pressure tracings

Questions 13 to 46 using the blood pressure trace (see Figure below), answer each question. Consider cardiac reflexes in your answer. Each letter represents the administration of a drug, allowing sufficient time for recovery. The drugs used are propranolol, hydralazine, clonidine, and prazosin. 

Enzymes are efficient catalysts for cathodic and anodic reactions relevant to fuel cell electrocatalysis in terms of overpotential, active site activity, and substrate/reaction specificity. This means that design constraints (e.g., fuel containment and anode-cathode separation) are relaxed, and very simple devices that may take up ambient fuel or oxidant from their environment are possible. While operation is generally confined to conditions close to ambient temperature, pressure, and pH, and power densities over about 10 mW cm are rarely achieved, enzyme fuel cells may be particularly useM in niche environments, for example scavenging trace H2 released into air, or sugar and O2 from blood. Thus, trace or unusual fuels become viable for energy production. 

Figure 1. Kymographic Tracing Showing Effects of Chlordan on Blood Pressure and Respiration of Rabbit under Light Pentothal Anesthesia and Antagonistic Action of...

Top Effects of phentolamine, an a-receptor-blocking drug, on blood pressure in an anesthetized dog. Epinephrine reversal is demonstrated by tracings showing the response to epinephrine before (middle) and after (bottom) phentolamine. All drugs given intravenously. BP, blood pressure HR, heart rate. 

Cardiopulmonary parameters and rectal body temperature are determined while the rabbit is in the sling and also at 15 min intervals following induction of anesthesia with the rabbit in lateral recumbency. Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate and respiratory pattern are calculated from tracings from the physiological recorder. Arterial blood pH, partial pressure of oxygen (PaQz), and partial pressure of... 

A healthy 31-year-old man developed acute renal insufficiency 18 hours after inhaling cocaine 5 g. His blood pressure was 150/100 mmHg, his serum creatinine 177 pmol/l, creatine phosphokinase activity 107 U/l, and serum potassium concentration 3.8 mmol/1. The urinary sodium concentration was 30 mmol/1 and there was a trace of protein and 1-2 red blood cells per high-power field. Immunological studies were unremarkable. Ultrasound showed kidneys of normal size with hyperechogenity of the right kidney. Over the next 10 days he recovered spontaneously. 

Figure 8.4. Typical tracings of the blood pressure responses to bolus i.v. administration of ET-1 and big ET-1, both 1 nmoUkg, in the pithed rat. Adapted from Slee et al. [22 ].

In an extensive clinical study of 159 people, pulse, blood pressure, and electrocardiograms were monitored in 16 of the individuals taking about 3 mg/kg/day (Simkins 1937a, 1937b). No abnormal electrocardiographic tracings were found, but bradycardia was observed in two cases. Blood pressure was reduced in 10 formerly hypertensive patients, but no blood pressure changes were found in normotensive individuals. The reasons for the fall in blood pressure in the hypertensive... 

Endocrine hypertension actually includes several diseases characterized by elevated blood pressure with causes that can be traced to an endocrine abnormality or actual injury. Two of the best known are pheochromocytoma and Cushing s syndrome. The former is characterized by a tumor that secretes excessive amounts of catecholamines, primarily epinephrine. This in turn increases vasomotor tone, resulting in a considerable pressure increase. Surgical removal of the tumor is curative. The latter is a disease of the adrenal cortex where tumors may also develop. The cortex is the site of corticosteroid production. Thus excessive production of aldosterone will act on the kidneys, causing retention of sodium and water. This increased blood volume is usually manifested as mild, or sometimes moderate, hypertension. 

Introduction to Blood Pressure/Heart Rate Tracings... 

Schuhmacher M, Bosque MA, Domingo JL, Corbella J (1994) Effects of chronic lead and cadmium exposure on blood pressure in occupationally exposed workers. Biol Trace Elem Res 41 269-278... 

For example, initial investigations on the effect of the enantiomers of isoprenaline on blood pressure in cats and dogs yielded values for the eudismic ratio (—)/(+) of 11.8 and 87.5, respectively, whereas later studies yielded ratios of 1000 and 450 [18,43]. The authors pointed out that purification to constant biological activity was a better criterion for enantiomeric purity than constant specific rotation or melting point [43], an argument confirmed by subsequent investigations by Barlow, who indicated the significance of trace quantities of enantiomeric impurities on the eudismic ratio. The interested reader should refer to the articles of Barlow [44] and Barlow et al. [45] for further details. 

In rats intravenously administered 5 to 40 mg/kg of the aqueous fraction of a hydroalcoholic extract of heart-leaf sida, a reduction in heart rate and blood pressure was observed (Medeiros et al. 2006). The activity has been traced to the compound vasicine, which caused hypotension and a marked reduction in heart rate after intravenous administration to rats at doses of 2.5 to 10 mg/kg (Silveira et al. 2003). 

Finally, studies over the past 10 years or so have produced strong evidence that the counteraction of the toxic effects of cadmium by zinc may help to prevent various forms of cardiovascular diseases. For example, a study in North Carolina of the associations between cardiovascular disorders and the trace element levels in the organs of deceased people showed that low ratios of zinc to cadmium in the kidneys were associated with both atherosclerosis and high blood pressure. ... 

On a multi-trace photograph recorder, we recorded blood pressure in a femoral artery through a Statham transducer, any occurring vocalisation with a microphone, and blood mass pre sent in a well-defined brain area through radioactivity by me ans of a shielded NaJ-Tl scintillator connected to a rate me ... 

Fig. 3. Effect of hemolysis produced by intravenous injection of distilled water on pressor response to hypertensin (153). Lower tracings (L) responses of blood pressure to injections of hypertensin and epinephrine before intravenous hemolysis is accomplished. Upper tracings (U) same, after intravenous hemolysis has been accomplished. A = 2 ml. hypertensin, E = 0.5 ml. of 10" epinephrine.

Figure 4. Effect of the extract (BTJ, 42 mg i.v.) on tibialis anterior muscle (TIB), electrocardiogram (EKG), and arterial blood pressure (BP) in a 325 g anesthetized rat. The records were made at different chart speeds, as indicated by the time base. The inset just below the EKG trace shows details of the onset of the arrhythmia during the early stages of extract infusion.

Central venous pressure (CVP) The usual CVP trace should be drawn on at a pressure of 5-10 mmHg. The c wave occurs during IVC owing to bulging of the closed tricuspid as the ventricle begins to contract. The y descent occurs immediately following IVR as the tricuspid valve opens and allows free flow of blood into the near empty ventricle. 

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