Body temperature rectal

Another symptom of inflammation is local heat. Katschinski and coauthors (67) reported that elevated temperature (42°C) is able to induce the nonphos-phorylated form of HIF-1 a under normoxic conditions in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, in mice with elevated body temperature (rectal temperature 41°C) HIF-la accumulated in kidney and liver and remained stable for several hours after recooling to normal body temperature. Thus implies a novel mechanism that stabilizes HIF-la under elevated temperatures, possibly via interaction with HSP90 (67). 

Suppositories and pessaries— These are preparations intended for either rectal or vaginal administration of drugs. They are formulated with a suitable base that melts at body temperature. 

Measuring body temperature is important for the detection of disease and assessment of the response to treatments. The first thermometer was developed by Galileo in 1603. Thermometers for measuring body temperature have been in use since about 1870. The first measurements taken were axillary, and later oral and rectal measuring methods were introduced. The working principle of those thermometers, the expansion of matter by temperature increase, is still used for body temperature measurement in mercury-in-glass thermometers. Electronic thermo-... 

Figure 2. Body temperature response of mice receiving the extract of cultured Gambierdiscus toxicus or the vehicle alone. Each point represents the mean S.E. of the rectal temperature measurements on 8 mice.

Figure 5. Body temperature responses of mice receiving various amounts of crude Caribbean ciguatoxic fish extract. Each point represents the mean i S.E. rectal temperature of 6 animals.

The body temperature is regulated via the hypothalamus. A fever is a body temperature of more than 38.2°C, measured rectally. Premenstrual women have higher body temperature and children develop fever easier than adults. The body temperature is lowest in the early morning hours and highest in the afternoon, and increases during exercise. 

H. Suppositories Solid preparations which melt at body temperature delivering medication for at-site treatment or for absorption at that point (usually rectal, vaginal, or urethral). Excipients include cocoa butter, waxy fatty acids, and derivatives, polyethylene glycol, theobroma oil, as well as many ingredients found in G. 

This test relies on the evolutionarily important role of hyperthermia, a rise in body temperature upon encountering stressful stimuli which occurs across many species, including humans. In mouse SIH test, the insertion of a rectal thermometer records a... 

Bile secretion is studied in anesthetized bile fistula rats, which are anesthetized by an intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (60 mg/kg), tracheotomized, and one jugular vein per rat is cannulated for intravenous administration (bolus injection or infusion of the drug candidate). Anesthesia is maintained for up to 7 hours by subcutaneous infusion of pentobarbital sodium (adjusted to the aesthetic depth of the individual animal about 24 mg/kg/h). Body temperature is monitored with a rectal probe thermometer, and temperature is maintained at 37 °C by means of a heated surgical plate. 

Rats weighing 150-200 g are used. Eighteen hours prior to the experiment food is withdrawn with free access to water. The appropriate size of the study groups for the control and candidate compound consists of 5-7 animals. Anesthesia is induced by pentobarbital (priming bolus 60 mg/kg i.p. plus infusion s.c. at about 20 mg/kg/h) or i.p. injection of 5 ml/kg of 25 % urethane solution. Body temperature is artificially stabilized by means of a rectal thermometer and a heating pad. The trachea is exposed and cannulated for artificial respiration. The abdomen is opened by a mid-line incision and the pylorus ligated. The proximal part of the bile duct is ligated near the hepatic... 

Cardiopulmonary parameters and rectal body temperature are determined while the rabbit is in the sling and also at 15 min intervals following induction of anesthesia with the rabbit in lateral recumbency. Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate and respiratory pattern are calculated from tracings from the physiological recorder. Arterial blood pH, partial pressure of oxygen (PaQz), and partial pressure of... 

Body temperature is monitored with a rectal thermistor probe and kept constant by placing the animals on a heated metal pad with automatic regulation of temperature. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion, intraperitoneal, rectal, subcutaneous, and intravenous routes. Human systemic effects by intraarterial route acute arterial occlusion by rectal route respiratory depression, body temperature decrease, general anesthetic. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. An intravenous anesthetic. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx and Na20. See also PENTOTHAL and BARBITURATES. 

Suppositories [17]. Suppositories are semirigid and plastic dosage forms designed to be delivered to body cavities such as the rectum, vagina, or urethra. They either melt at body temperature (cocoa butter) or are dissolved in the fluid of the cavity (polyethylene glycols or glycerogelatin). Suppositories can be used for systemic therapy (rectal suppositories) or for local treatment. 

IVIVCs are often indicated only for obtaining oral formulations. Various data have been presented in the cases of less-classical formulations such as intrauterine devices, chewing gums, ocular inserts, suppositories, etc. For example, for suppositories two main types of formulations exist one based on hydrophilic excipients and the second on lipophilic excipients. The first step is the dissolution of the mass. This means a fusion of the lipophilic base at human body temperature (36-39.5°C) or dissolution for the water-soluble base (even with a high melting point) in the rectal fluid. 

One relationship which appears to be well established is that for any individual in equilibrium with his environment, the internal body temperature as measured rectally or in the esophagus is proportional to the metabolic rate and independent of the ambient temperature (4). 

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