Blood pathological components

As the superoxide radical is a precursor of the other reactive oxygen species and interacts with blood plasma components under physiological and pathological conditions as well, systems related to its generation are biologically relevant. It should be noted, however, that with respect to the initiation of lipid peroxidation as one of the main causes of oxidative cell damage, its own reactivity is very weak and that only in protonized form is its toxicity comparable to that of lipid peroxyl radicals [18]. 

The symmetric, microporous polymer membranes made by phase inversion are widely used for separations on a laboratory and industrial scale.22 Typical applications range from the clarification of turbid solutions to the removal of bacteria or enzymes, the detection of pathological components, and the detoxification of blood in an artificial kidney. The separation mechanism is that of a typical depth filter which traps the particles somewhere within the structure. In addition to the simple "sieving" effect, microporous phase inversion membranes often show a high tendency of adsorption because of their extremely large internal surface. They are, therefore, particularly well suited when a complete re-... 

Thus, a comparative analysis of the total antioxidant activity of blood serum water-soluble components for patients with liver disease (ACW), performed on two free radical oxidation models, showed a relatively low correlation of results (r = 0.798). This is due mainly to the difference in the mechanisms of free radical initiation and the possible impact of some blood serum components (especially proteins) on the process and the rate of initiation. Stronger this effect is manifested in the model Hb-H O, where an active OH -radical-initiator reacts with a number of serum components. The discrepancy in measurement results significant for patients with abnormally high content of certain blood serum components which are differentially inhibit the luminol oxidation due to side reactions. In this regard, more preferred for clinical use to estimate the AOA should be considered the oxidation model with ABAP initiator. Therefore, for further study the correlations of antioxidant and some general clinical parameters of blood serum for patients with liver pathology was chosen the device minilum with this model. 

Histamine in the Blood. After its release, histamine diffuses rapidly into the blood stream and surrounding tissues (12). Histamine appears in blood within 2.5 min after its release, peaks at 5 min, and returns to baseline levels by 15 to 30 min. In humans, the diurnal mean of plasma histamine levels is 0.13 ng/g. In urine, elevations of histamine or metaboUtes are more prolonged than plasma elevations. Consequendy, abnormahties are more easily detected by urinary histamine assay. About one-half of the histamine in normal blood is in basophils, one-third in eosinophils, and one-seventh in neutrophils the remainder is distributed among all the other blood components. Increases in blood histamine levels occur in several pathological... 

To maintain hemostasis, blood must be retained in the vasculature as fluid. At the same time, blood components must be able to respond rapidly with a clot when a vascular injury occurs. To repair a vascular injury, platelets in blood first adhere as aggregates to the endothelial cells at the affected site and form an initial blood clot. Platelets then stimulate and activate coagulation factors found in plasma to form a more stable fibrin clot. As the injury is resolved and healed, the clot is degraded. Thrombosis is a pathological event wherein a blood clot occludes a blood vessel, resulting in ischemic necrosis of the tissue fed by the blood vessel. Ischemic necrosis involves local anemia and oxygen deprivation. Thrombosis of a coronary artery may lead to myocardial infarction or unstable angina [20]. 

Q7 The mechanisms which trigger migraine remain controversial. The underlying pathophysiology could be due to vasoconstriction of the cerebral arteries, causing transient ischaemia. This would be followed by compensatory vasodilation of the cerebral blood vessels to protect the ischaemic areas. This vasodilation may lead to an increase in intracranial pressure, which causes a severe headache. These events may be followed by changes in nerve activity and neurotransmitter levels. Inflammatory components are also likely to be involved in the pathology of this condition. 

In order to obtain information about the polarographic properties of the individual protein components in blood sera, the polarography was combined with paper electrophoresis. After electrophoretic separation, the cut strips of paper with separated fractions of albumins and globulins are eluted in physiological sodium chloride solution and each sample is analyzed polarographically. These combined methods were applied for study of various pathological cases [147]. 

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial pathology, and genetic and enviromental factors contribute to the development of the disease. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells and blood components, including monocytes/macrophages, platelets and LDL play a crucial role in the formation of the atheromatous plaque "Fig. (4)", [62]. 

The function of clinical chemistry in toxicology (as well as in human and veterinary medicine) is to provide, via laboratory analysis, evaluations of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of specific endogenous chemical components present in samples of blood, urine, feces, spinal fluid, and tissues. The purpose is to help identify abnormal or pathological changes in organ system functions. The most common specimens used in clinical chemistry are blood and urine, and many different tests exist to test for almost any type of chemical component in blood or urine for example, blood glucose, electrolytes, enzymes, hormones, lipids (fats), other metabolic substances, and proteins. The tests used were all initially applied to human clinical medicine, and may not possess the same utility when performed as part of nonclinical toxicity studies in a wide variety of other species. 

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