Blood oxygenator history

In this chapter, the use of membranes in medical devices is reviewed briefly. In terms of total membrane area produced, medical applications are at least equivalent to all industrial membrane applications combined. In terms of dollar value of the products, the market is far larger. In spite of this, little communication between these two membrane areas has occurred over the years. Medical and industrial membrane developers each have their own journals, societies and meetings, and rarely look over the fence to see what the other is doing. This book cannot reverse 50 years of history, but every industrial membrane technologist should at least be aware of the main features of medical applications of membranes. Therefore, in this chapter, the three most important applications—hemodialysis (the artificial kidney), blood oxygenation (the artificial lung) and controlled release pharmaceuticals—are briefly reviewed. 

Increased oxygen demand secondary to increased heart rates and blood pressure has been hypothesized to lead to myocardial infarction (especially in patients with fixed coronary disease) and/or ventricular arrhythmias. In patients with no history of cardiac disease, cocaine is thought to induce acute isehemie complications via vasospasm of the coronaries (Ascher et al. 1988). In addition, Virmani et al. (1988) have reported a 20 percent incidence of myocarditis thought to be secondary to accumulated microvascular injuries. 

A 26-year-old woman with a history of multiple substance abuse required emergency caesarean section at 30 weeks of gestation as a result of crack cocaine-induced placental abruption and fetal distress (251). Her admission blood pressure was 145/95 mmHg, heart rate 95/minute and respiratory rate 20/minute. The fetal heart rate was 130/minute and non-reactive, with late and variable decelerations and no response to maternal oxygen administration. Spinal block with bupivacaine, fentanyl, and morphine was performed with the patient in a sitting position. No maternal or neonatal postoperative complications were reported. 

Diagnosis is based primarily on history. Blood nitrites may indicate exposure if measured immediately after exposure (Reiffenstein et al. 1992). Treatment consists primarily of supportive measures. Some protocols call for managing symptoms with atropine, amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, or hyperbaric oxygen (Gosselin et al. 1984 Reiffenstein et al. 1992). The efficacy of these treatments is unclear. 

Bubble and Film Oxygenators. Numerous designs of bubble oxygenators have been proposed over the past 20 years their history and evolution is reviewed by Galletti (18). All designs rely on introducing bubbles of gas into a column of blood and then removing the residual... 

IV. Diagnosis is not difficult if there is a history of exposure (eg, the patient was found in a car in a locked garage) but may be elusive if not suspected in less obvious cases. There are no specific reliable clinical findings cherry red skin coloration or bright red venous blood is highly suggestive but not frequently noted. The routine arterial blood gas machine measures the partial pressure of oxygen... 

Nitrogen Trifluoride - NF3, 7783-54-2 poisonous by inhalation bp = -129"C [-200 F] er = NA sp g = 2.5 OSHA PEL = 10 ppm. May affect the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen reacts vigorously with reducing agents. Baseline physical should stress examination of blood, cardiovascular nervous systems, and liver and kidney function. A complete blood cormt should be taken. Persons with a history of blood disorders should take special care to avoid exposures. 

Coronary arteries are the vessels that supply the heart with oxygenated blood. If the artery becomes narrow or get blocked by plaque, the supply of oxygen to cardiac muscles decreases leading to coronary artery disease (CAD) which is the most common type of heart disease and cause of heart attacks [1], This narrowing is known as stenosis. As of 2012, CAD became the most common cause of death in the world [2], which emphasizes how important finding a treatment for such disease is and why it is the subject of interest worldwide. According to the American Heart Association, CAD has a number of risk factors. The most common risk factors include smoking, family history of CAD, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, lack of exercise, stress, and hyperlipidemia. 

A 50-year-old male patient with cirrhosis and a history of alcohol abuse since age 12 is admitted to the emergency room with seizures. He is dehydrated, and the physician has ordered an intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate to reduce the seizure activity. In addition, the patient has hypertension treated with diuretics. When reviewing the laboratory work, the nurse notices that the serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine are elevated. The nurse also notices that the serum sodium concentration is elevated and the potassium level is low. The patient is in no apparent distress, with vital signs of blood pressure (BP) 110/62 mm Hg, pulse (P) 60 beats/minute, respiration (R) 12 breaths/minute, and pulse oximetry showing 88 percent oxygen saturation. 

Chen J, Scerbo M, Kramer G. Review of blood substitutes examining the history, clinical trail results and ethics of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Chnics 2009 64 803-13. 

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