Blood-brain barrier membrane

Sanchez del Pino MM, Hawkins RA, Peterson DR. Neutral amino acid transport by the blood-brain barrier. Membrane vesicle studies. J Biol Chem 1992 267 25951-25957. 

Decreased cerebral blood flow, resulting from acute arterial occlusion, reduces oxygen and glucose delivery to brain tissue with subsequent lactic acid production, blood-brain barrier breakdown, inflammation, sodium and calcium pump dysfunction, glutamate release, intracellular calcium influx, free-radical generation, and finally membrane and nucleic acid breakdown and cell death. The degree of cerebral blood flow reduction following arterial occlusion is not uniform. Tissue at the... 

Released ACh is broken down by membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase, often called the true or specific cholinesterase to distinguish it from butyrylcholinesterase, a pseudo-or non-specific plasma cholinesterase. It is an extremely efficient enzyme with one molecule capable of dealing with something like 10000 molecules of ACh each second, which means a short life and rapid turnover (100 ps) for each molecule of ACh. It seems that about 50% of the choline freed by the hydrolysis of ACh is taken back into the nerve. There is a wide range of anticholinesterases which can be used to prolong and potentiate the action of ACh. Some of these, such as physostigmine, which can cross the blood-brain barrier to produce central effects and neostigmine, which does not readily... 

Reichel, A., Begley, D. J. Potential of immobilized artificial membranes for predicting drug penetration across the blood-brain barrier. Pharm. Res. 1998, 35,1270-1274. 

BBB PAMPA Blood brain barrier parallel artificial membrane permeability assay... 

The significance of the barrier function of membranes has been the topic of considerable research. The blood-brain barrier and the blood-retinal barrier are well understood, and the microscopic structures imparting and controlling barrier properties have been quite thoroughly investigated and the science reviewed [15, 154-155], The structures and functions of ocular membranes specific to transport associated with ophthalmic drug administration also have been topics of extensive research [15, 157-158],... 

Kramer, S. D. Begley, D. J. Abbott, N. J., Relevance of cell membrane hpid composition to blood-brain barrier function Lipids and fatty acids of different BBB models, Am. Assoc. Pharm. Sci. Ann. Mtg., 1999. 

AC ADME ANS AUC BA/BE BBB BBM BBLM BCS BLM BSA CE CHO CMC CPC CPZ CTAB CV DA DOPC DPPC DPPH aminocoumarin absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion anilinonaphthalenesulfonic acid area under the curve bioavailability-bioequivalence blood-brain barrier brush-border membrane brush-border lipid membrane biopharmaceutics classification system black lipid membrane bovine serum albumin capillary electrophoresis caroboxaldehyde critical micelle concentration centrifugal partition chromatography chlorpromazine cetyltrimethylammonium bromide cyclic votammetry dodecylcarboxylic acid dioleylphosphatidylcholine dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine diphenylpicrylhydrazyl... 

MV Shah, KL Audus, RT Borchardt. The application of bovine brain micro vessel endothelial-cell monolayers grown onto polycarbonate membranes in vitro to estimate the potential permeability of solutes through the blood-brain barrier. Pharm Res 6 624-627, 1989. 

Intrathecal (IT) Into the subarachnoid space between two of the membranes (meninges) separating the spinal cord from the vertebral column. This route is used for drugs that do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, but which are required for their central action (e.g., antibiotics). Drugs can also be injected spinally (into the epidural space) for local anaesthesia or analgesia. 

Octanol/water partition (log P) and distribution (log D) coefficients are widely used to make estimates for membrane penetration and permeability, including gastrointestinal absorption [40, 41], blood-brain barrier (BBB) crossing [42, 43], and correlations to pharmacokinetic properties [1], In 1995 and 2000, specialized but very well attended meetings were held to discuss the role of log P in drug research [44, 45]. 

Fig. 15.2 Diagram showing a transverse cross-section of a cerebral capillary. The endothelial cells, responsible for the main barrier properties of the blood-brain barrier are separated from the astrocyte foot processes, pericytes and occasional neurons by the basement membrane. All these components make up the blood-brain barrier.

Fig. 15.3 D iagram showing a longitudinal cross-section of the blood-brain barrier, with the brain capillary endothelial cells sealed by the tight junctions and surrounded by pericytes and astrocyte foot processes. These cellular components of the BBB are separated by a basement membrane.

Betz AL, Firth JA, Goldstein GW. Polarity of the blood-brain barrier distribution of enzymes between the luminal and antiluminal membranes of brain capillary endothelial cells. Brain Res 1980 192 17-28. 

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