Black white smokers

Amorphous silica and barite precipitate simultaneously from white smoker in midoceanic ridge hydrothermal system (Edmond et al., 1979). It is inferred that amorphous silica precipitates in the chimney at a later stage than sulfides and sulfates (anhydrite and barite) which constitute chimneys from which black smoker is emerging. 

Where fluids discharge from hot springs and mix with seawater, they cool quickly and precipitate clouds of fine-grained minerals. The clouds are commonly black with metal sulfides, giving rise to the term black smokers. Some vents give off clouds of white anhydrite these are known as white smokers. Structures composed of chemical precipitates tend to form at the vents, where the hot fluids discharge into the ocean. The structures can extend upward into the ocean for several meters or more, and are composed largely of anhydrite and, in some cases, sulfide minerals. 

Patterson F, Schnoll R, Wileyto E, Pinto A, Epstein L, Shields P, Hawk L, Tyndale R, Benowitz N, Lerman C (2008) Toward Personalized Therapy for Smoking Cessation A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial of Bupropion. Chn Pharmacol Ther 84(3) 320-325 Perez-Stable EJ, Herrera B, Jacob P 3rd, Benowitz NL (1998) Nicotine metabohsm and intake in black and white smokers. JAMA 280(2) 152-156 Perry RJ, Griffiths W, Dextraze P, Solomon RJ, Trebbin WM (1984) Elevated nicotine levels in patients undergoing hemodialysis. A role in cardiovascular mortality and morbidity Am J Med 76(2) 241-246... 

Muscat, D. G. Scott, S. A. Akerkar, and S. S. Hecht. Differences in the urinary metabolites of the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen 4- (methylnitrosamino) -1 -(3-pyridyl)-l-butanone in black and white smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997 6(10) 783-790. NT251 Sanberg, P. R., A. A. Silver, R. D. 

Perez-Stable EJ, Herrera B, Jacob P III, et al. Nicotine metabolism and intake in Black and White smokers. JAMA 1998 280 152-156. 

In the Spring Valley and Shavi Members, sedi-mentological facies (Bickle et al. 1975 Martin et al. 1980 Nisbet et al. 1993 Hunter et al. 1998) vary from beach to an assortment of shallow-water settings. REE patterns from oxide-facies ironstones have strong Eu anomalies, but no Ce anomalies. The Spring Valley and Shavi REE are most simply modelled as sediments deposited from water which included (1) ambient sea water of modem aspect but without a Ce anomaly, as well as (2) an admixed hydrothermal (modern black smoker or white smoker) component. The source of the REE may have been distant. 

Fig. 13.9 Temperature, pH, SO4 and H2S versus Mg. Symbols indicate measurements of different black and white smoker fluids from the East Pacific Rise 21°N, the TAG site at 26°N Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the Snakepit hydrothermal field at 23°N Mid-Atlantic Ridge (after Von Damm et al. 1983 and Edmond et al. 1995).

FIG. 5.2 How rocks might mold flows of energy and matter into materials for life. The white smoker underwater vent on the left contains pores with acid-base gradients green serpentinite in the middle makes bubbles of hydrogen and the black smoker underwater vent on the right may make the biochemical fuel pyruvate. 

The rocks here are darker, with more transition metals such as iron and nickel, so these are called black smokers in contrast to the cooler, alkahne white smokers of Clue 3. Black smokers are more chemically intense than white, in both good and bad ways. Rich lodes of copper, zinc, gold, and iron are deposited here, mostly paired with sulfur atoms as sulfides (and companies are looking to mine the results). Nanoparticles of pyrite, the same arrangement of iron sulfide found in protein electron wires, float around in abundance. 

As the years go by, these clues should converge. This may already be happening. Metal sulfides could produce metabolites at white smokers ( 3) like they do at black smokers ( 4). Nucleotide synthesis ( 6) may succeed under the hot springs conditions ( 5) that also have a chemical profile that matches life s biochemical profile. Rock compartments ( 2) show up in clue after clue. If the clues continue to overlap, they may eventually converge. Even the metabolism first and replication first camps may converge if conditions are found that can make RNA strands at white smokers, black smokers, or hot springs. 

Smokers Black Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Grey Clear White... 

Yu, M.C., R.K. Ross, K.K. Chan, B.E. Henderson, P.L. Skipper, S.R. Tannenbaum, and G.A. Coetzee. 1995. Glutathione S-transferase Ml genotype affects aminobiphenyl-hemoglo-bin adduct levels in white, black and Asian smokers and nonsmokers. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 4(8) 861-864. 

Up until now it has been assumed that x consists of continuous variables. OLS is not predicated on x being continuous, although this makes it convenient to explain the model. An extremely important data type is a categorical variable where the variable of interest takes on discrete values. These variables are also called factors or class variables. For instance, whether a person is considered a smoker can be coded as either yes or no. The variable race may take on the values White, Black, Asian, or Hispanic. These variables must enter the model through what are called dummy variables or indicator variables which are themselves categorical variables that take on the value of either 0 or 1. If there are k levels in the categorical variable, then k—1... 

Despite the high pressures and temperatures, life survives and even thrives near the black smokers, big and weird, colored bright red and pale white. Underwater... 

White and black smokers have a significant drawback—they are buried deep from the sun s energy. One special place at the Earth s surface hosts another possible biochemical incubator, where thermal energy from below meets solar energy from above. This place is in Russia, on the Kamchatka Peninsula, at the extreme northeast end of the Asian continent. 

Since 1965, smoking has declined gradually by about 42%, but recent data indicate that this downward trend may have leveled off (8). In the United States, approximately 25.9 million men and 22.8 million women 18 years and older are smokers, about one in four in the adult population. Smoking rates are highest in adults with less than 9-11 years of education (39.7% of men, 34.3% of women), and lowest in those with 16 or more years of education (11.5% of men, 11.2% of women). Non-His-panic black men are marginally more likely to smoke than non-Hispanic white men (29% vs 24.7%). American Indians/Alaskan Natives are also more likely to be smokers (41.7% of men, 38.1% of women) (8). 

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