Bismuth, electrodeposition

Solvent for Electrolytic Reactions. Dimethyl sulfoxide has been widely used as a solvent for polarographic studies and a more negative cathode potential can be used in it than in water. In DMSO, cations can be successfully reduced to metals that react with water. Thus, the following metals have been electrodeposited from their salts in DMSO cerium, actinides, iron, nickel, cobalt, and manganese as amorphous deposits zinc, cadmium, tin, and bismuth as crystalline deposits and chromium, silver, lead, copper, and titanium (96—103). Generally, no metal less noble than zinc can be deposited from DMSO. 

Menke EJ, Brown MA, Li Q, Hemminger JC, Penner RM (2006) Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) nanowires Synthesis by cyclic electrodeposition/stripping, thinning by electrooxidation, and electrical power generation. Langmuir 22 10564-10574... 

Polonium may be purified by various processes. Such purification methods include precipitation of polonium as sulfide and then decomposing the sulfide at elevated temperatures spontaneous decomposition of polonium onto a nickel or copper surface and electrolysis of nitric acid solutions of polonium-bismuth mixture. In electrolytic purification polonium is electrodeposited onto a platinum, gold, nickel, or carbon electrode. 

Wang etal. [213] investigated the effect of bismuth ion and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) on the dendritic growth of zinc in alkaline zincate solution on Zn electrode. It was found that this growth is inhibited by the synergistic effect of Bi(III) and TBAB at higher overpotentials. The zinc electrodeposits... 

Much of the early literature of polonium describes methods for separating it from these mixtures many of these have subsequently been adapted to the separation of milligram amounts of polonium from irradiated bismuth and to its purification. The methods range from a simple chemical separation of the element with a tellurium carrier to its electrodeposition on to a more noble metal or its spontaneous electrochemical replacement on the surface of a less noble metal. 

The electrochemical separation of polonium from irradiated bismuth has not been investigated to any extent it appears, however, that electrodeposition from hydrofluoric acid solution offers a practical means of separation (131). 

Nitrogen does not react with arsenic. The latter dissolves in aqueous ammonia, apparently forming a complex compound.4 In anhydrous liquid ammonia it dissolves without reaction 5 and from the solution the arsenic may be successfully electrodeposited.6 This is not the case with antimony or bismuth. The solution of arsenic in liquid ammonia does not react with metallic cyanides.7... 

Bismuth-film electrodes (BiFEs), consisting of a thin bismuth-film deposited on a suitable substrate, have been shown to offer comparable performance to MFEs in ASY heavy metals determination [17]. The remarkable stripping performance of BiFE can be due to the binary and multi-component fusing alloys formation of bismuth with metals like lead and cadmium [18]. Besides the attractive characteristics of BiFE, the low toxicity of bismuth makes it an alternative material to mercury in terms of trace-metal determination. Various substrates for bismuth-film formation are reported. Bismuth film was prepared by electrodeposition onto the micro disc by applying an in situ electroplating procedure [19]. Bismuth deposition onto gold [20], carbon paste [21], or glassy carbon [22-24] electrodes have been reported to display an... 

Liu, K., Chien, C. L., Searson, P. C, and Kui, Y. Z., Structural and magneto-transport properties of electrodeposited bismuth nanowires. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73,1436 (1998a). 

The electrodeposition of bismuth, Bi, has been investigated in an acidic BPCl-AICI3 ionic liquid [30]. Bismuth trichloride, BiCl3, is soluble in the acidic ionic liquid forming a trivalent bismuth species, Bi(III), which can be reduced to a cluster... 

Lingane and Jones devised an electrogravimetric procedure for the successive determinations of copper, bismuth, lead, and tin in the presence of various other metals. After each deposition the pH and electrode potential are adjusted, and the cathode is replaced in the solution for continued electrodeposition. 

Other examples of selective electrodeposition are given in books by Lingane, Diehl, and Sand. As examples may be cited the separation of silver from copper, bismuth from copper, antimony from tin, cadmium from zinc, and rhodium from iridium. 

In conclusion, we note that deposition of submono- and monolayers of adatoms is the most controllable and reliably predictable method of obtaining metallic nanodimension compositions. At least two or three kinds of adatoms can be deposited in a strictly layer-by-layer fashion on single-crystal substrates [217], and mixed adlayers can also be obtained. The combined deposition of adatoms and phase deposits of metals [217] is even more promising. Among the metals, HTSC components such as lead, thallium, bismuth, and copper rank among the most thoroughly studied adatomic systems. Electrodeposition methods are also applied to the technological preparation of conventional superconductors based on Nb-Sn alloys [218]. 

Methods used for concentrating plutonium in a sample by a carrier are often specific to one oxidation state of the plutonium. For example, the classical bismuth phosphate-lanthanum fluoride method of concentrating plutonium from urine samples is specific to plutonium in the tri- and tetravalent states and will leave plutonium(VI) in solution. The fate of the various oxidation states of plutonium in man is not well understood and analysis procedures must insure reduction or oxidation of plutonium into appropriate oxidation states. Liver and kidney samples may contain metals (e.g., iron) which may greatly reduce chemical yields during the final electrodeposition step (Bernhardt 1976). 

For the detection of inorganic ions, such as Cd, Wang et al. have proposed electropolymerization of p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid [p-ABSA] [113], First, GO is electrochemically reduced to RGO and simultaneously deposited at a constant potential onto a GCE surface. Electrodeposition of poly-ABSA was then carried out voltammetrically in the presence of RGO and the composite film was used for SWASV detection of Cd. Therefore, tin (replacing bismuth or mercury] was electrodeposited on top of the poly(p-ABSA] layer. The composite electrode showed good stripping performance for the analysis of Cd, wider potential window compared to bare GCE and GCE covered with only Sn, and gave a linear response from 1.0 to 70.0 gg L with a detection limit of 0.05 gg L-i. 

Blocked isocyanates permit making coatings that are stable at ambient temperature when baked, the monofunctional blocking agent is volatilized and the coreactant is cross-linked. An extensive review of blocked isocyanates, their reactions, and uses is available (127). The blocking agents most widely used are phenols, oximes, alcohols, e-caprolactam (hexahydro-2ff-azepin-2-one) [105-60-2], 3,5-dimethylpyrazole, 1,2,4-triazole, and diethyl malonate (propanedioic acid diethyl ester) [105-53-3]. A variety of catalysts are used DBTDL is most widely used but many other catalysts have also been used. Bismuth tris(2-ethyl hexanoate) has been particularly recommended (128). In electrodeposition primers, DBTDL has insufficient hydrolytic stability, and tributyltin oxide is an example of an alternate catalyst (129). Cyclic amidines, such as l,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene, are reported to be superior catalysts for use with uretdione cross-linkers in powder coatings (130). 

Fu, Y.C., Su, Y.Z., Zhang, H.M. et al. (2010) An in situ scanning tunneling microscopic stndy of electrodeposition of bismuth on Au( 111) in a 1 -butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid Precursor adsorption and underpotential deposition. ElectrochimicaActa, 55,8105-8110. 

Yong F et al (1999) Large magnetoresistance of electrodeposited single-crystal bismuth thin films. Science 284 1335-1337... 

Janardhanan. have reviewed the quantitative electrodeposition of tin, copper, bismuth, antimony, and lead. Of particular interest to radiochemists... 

Ham, S., S. Jeon, M. Park et al. 2010. Electrodeposition and stripping analysis of bismuth selenide thin films using combined electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry and stripping voltammetry. J. Electroanal. Chem. 638 195-203. 

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