Biotinylation

Following solid phase peptide assembly (0.05 mmol scale), and removal of the final ) /° -amine protecting group, expel DMF from the resin bed. 

Add the mixture to the peptide-resin and stir gently for 24 h at room temperature. 

Wash the derivatized peptide-resin with DMF (e.g. 10 min at 2.5 ml min ) and perform an amine test (see Chapter 3). 

If the amine test is positive, repeat steps 1-4. If the test is negative, collect the modified peptide-resin, wash with DCM (15 ml), MeOH (10 ml), and dry in vacuo. 

The material is now readily for cleavage of N-terminal modified peptide. 

---

Fig. XV-4. Schematic drawing of four streptavidin molecules bound to biotinylated lipid in a monolayer above heavy water. The scattering length density for neutron reflectivity is shown at the side. (From Ref. 30.)...

An enzyme-amplified detection scheme, based on tire coupling of a streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate and biotinylated target sequences was then applied. The enzyme catalysed the hydrolysis of the elecn oiiractive a-naphthyl phosphate to a-naphtlrol this product is elecU oactive and has been detected by means of differential... 

Atliappilly, F. K., and Hendrickson, W. A., 1995. Structure of die biotinyl domain of acetyl-CoA carboxyla.se determined by MAD phasing. Structure 3 1407. 

Biotinyl diazirine photophore for probing receptor-ligand 98H(47)625. 

Stults, N. L., et al. (1992). Use of recombinant biotinylated aequorin in microtiter and membrane-based assays Purification of recombinant aequorin from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 31 1433-1442. 

Biotin can be synthesized by the human colon flora. The question to which extent this production contributes to covering the host-organism s requirements is, however, subject to discussion. In most foods of animal origin as well as in cereals, biotin prevails in the protein (= enzyme)-bound form as e-N-biotinyl-L-lysine (= biocytin). Brewer s yeast, liver, soya beans, and peanuts number among the biotin rich foods [1]. 

These examples are part of a broader design scheme to combine catalytic metal complexes with a protein as chiral scaffold to obtain a hybrid catalyst combining the catalytic potential of the metal complex with the enantioselectivity and evolvability of the protein host [11]. One of the first examples of such systems combined a biotinylated rhodium complex with avidin to obtain an enantioselective hydrogenation catalyst [28]. Most significantly, it has been shovm that mutation-based improvements of enantioselectivity are possible in these hybrid catalysts as for enzymes (Figure 3.7) [29]. 

Fig. 35 TEM image of peptide fibres coated with streptavidin-gold nanoparticles, (a, b) Peptides with biotin directly attached (using SAF-pl-biotin) particles are 10 nm, (c) Peptide fibre with biotinylated anti-FLAG antibody attached that was then bound to gold-labelled streptavidin particles are 5 nm. Reprinted with permission from Ryadnov and Woolfson [76]. Copyright 2004 American Chemical Society...

FIG. 6 Successive coupling of two different biotinylated compounds with the DNA-STV conjugates 2 [33]. In a first step, a macromolecular functional component (FC, represented by the shaded ellipse), such as a biotinylated enzyme or oligonucleotide, is coupled. In a second step, a biotinylated low-molecular-weight modulator M, represented by the shaded sphere) is coupled to the remaining free biotin-binding sites. The modulator is used to modify the conjugate s hybridization properties or to supplement its functionality. 

FIG. 8 Synthesis of oligomeric DNA-STV conjugates 7 from 5, 5 -bis-biotinylated DNA and STV [49]. Note that the schematic structure of 7 is simplified, since a portion of the STV molecules function as tri- and tetravalent linker molecules between adjacent DNA fragments. 

Streptavidin-single-stranded DNA covalent conjugates were described as the building blocks for assembling nanostructured scaffolds [31], The amount and type of biotinylated ligands were used to modulate the affinity of duplex formation between solid-phase-bound nucleic acid templates and DNA-streptavidin conjugates. This system has been proposed for the design of fine-tuned sequence detection systems. 

Patterning of enzyme monolayers on a solid surface was carried out by photoactivation of immobilized monolayer of caged -biotin derivatives in selected areas. Specific oriented binding of enzyme-avidin conjugates could be readily made to the photoactivated zones [42]. Oriented immobilization of G-protein-coupled receptors on a solid surface was also made possible on a biotinylated surface by first immobilizing streptavidin, followed by the immobilization of biotinylated G-protein-coupled receptor [43]. 

Another alternative prototype of memory array, consisting of data stored as electrostatic charge or molecular dipole in a two-dimensional network of streptavidin cross-linked by biotinylated porphyrin derivative, was also suggested. Information reading was expected to be carried out using the electric force mode of the atomic force microscope [70]. 

Biotin also has a role in regulation of the cell cycle, acting to biotinylate key nuclear proteins. 

To check if PemB is surface exposed, E. chrysanthemi cells were subjected to proteolysis. Treatment of the cell suspension with trypsin, proteinase K or chimotrypsin at a concentration of 0.1 to 1 mg/ml for 1 h did not cause PemB proteolysis or its liberation into the medium. Cell pre-treatment with EDTA-lysozyme, which renders the periplasmic proteins accessible to proteases, gave no effect. PemB was also resistant to proteolytic digestion in extract of cells disrupted by sonication or in a French press. Only addition of Triton X-100 (up to 0.1%) causing formation of the micelles with PemB lead to a quick proteolyis of this protein (data not shown). In another approach to analyse the PemB exposition, bacterial cells were labelled with sulfo-NHS-biotin. This compound is unable to cross membranes and biotinylation... 

---