Biosynthesis of complex lipids

Complex lipids, such as neutral fats (triacyl-glycerols), phospholipids, and glycolipids, are synthesized via common reaction pathways. Most of the enzymes involved are associated with the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 

The synthesis of fats and phospholipids starts with glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can arise via two pathways  

The biosynthesis of most phospholipids also starts from DAG. 

Koolman, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2nd edition 2005 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. 

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Kennedy, E.R. Biosynthesis of complex lipids. Federation Proceedings 20, 934—940, 1961. 

Our studies also suggest that a detailed differentiation has to be made between turnover and dc. yiOVO biosynthesis of complex lipids, mainly in the case of IPG and PA. Phosphatidylinositol is a minor component of membranes that has been implicated since long ago in the cell responses to hormones, neurotransmitters, and other agents (Hokin, 1977). In recent years from studies on synaptosomes the proposal has been made that PA phosphatase is stimulated by acetylcholine (Yagihara et al., 1973 Schacht Agranoff 1973, 1974). 

The third section is devoted to various aspects of biosynthesis, turnover, and function of lipids in the central nervous system, such as metabolism of polyenoic fatty acids, base-exchange reactions, biosynthesis of complex lipids, and the latest progress in phos-phatidylinositol biochemistry. In addition papers on the implications of lipids in transmitter release and in receptors are included. 

OsiDE OR Peptide Bonds (a) Biosynthesis of Complex Lipids... 

This establishes an intimate relationship between the biosynthesis of complex lipids and that of ternary lipids, in the first case, the reaction being between a 1, 2-diglyceride and cytidinediphosphatecholine and in the second case between the 1, 2-diglyceride and a coenzyme A activated fatty add. 

Peptideglycan biosynthesis Metabolism of Complex Lipids Glycerolipid metabolism Inositol phosphate metabolism Sphingophospholipid biosynthesis Phospholipid degradation Sphingoglycolipid metabolism Prostaglandin and leukotriene metabolism... 

LIPID-LINKED SUGARS AS INTERMEDIATES IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES IN PLANTS... 

The formation of terpenes and other isoprenoid lipids involves the condensation of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate with isopentenyl pyrophosphate (29). In this case (Scheme 11), the leaving group is the pyrophosphate (PP) of an allylic pyrophosphate, such as dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, generating an allylic carbonium ion derivative (and inorganic pyrophosphate, which forms as an ion pair with the carbonium ion). The electron-rich agent that adds to the electron-deficient center to form the carbon-carbon bond is the rr-electron density of the isopentenyl pyrophosphate. The stereochemical course of the biosynthesis of complex natural products has been determined and is consistent with such a mechanism (30). 

Elbein, A.D. (1979). The Role of Lipid Linked Saccharides in the Biosynthesis of Complex Carbohydrates . Annual Reviews of Plant Physiology, 30, 239-272. 

It has long been recognized that the biosynthesis of glycerides occurs via the intermediate formation of complex lipids. 

Lipid-linked sugars as intermediates in the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates in plants, R. Pont Lezica, G. R. Dalev, and R. M. Dey, Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem., 44(1986) 341-386. 

We turn now to the biosynthesis of lipid structures. We begin with a discussion of the biosynthesis of fatty acids, stressing the basic pathways, additional means of elongation, mechanisms for the introduction of double bonds, and regulation of fatty acid synthesis. Sections then follow on the biosynthesis of glyc-erophospholipids, sphingolipids, eicosanoids, and cholesterol. The transport of lipids through the body in lipoprotein complexes is described, and the chapter closes with discussions of the biosynthesis of bile salts and steroid hormones. 

Kauss, H., Swanson, A.L., Arnold, R., and Odzuck, W. (1969) Biosynthesis of Pectic Substances. Localization of enzymes and products in a lipid-membrane complex. Biochim.Biophys.Acta, 192 55-61. 

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