Biophysical cues

The major challenge, however, is the translation of these biophysical properties into three-dimensional tissue scaffolds comprising of micro-/nano-architectures that provide micro-/ nanocues for facilitating the progression of stem cell proliferation and differentiation, within the macro-architectures that provide structural support for tissue reconstruction. Additionally, other non-biophysical cues have... 

Next, general design concepts are discussed to provide cell signaling and scaffold bioactivity via types of polymers with recognized biocompatibility, bioresorbability, mechanical properties structural architecture of the scaffold mass transport and incorporation of biochemical and biophysical cues through siuface target chemistry and topography (Sections 16.4.1 and 16.4.2). 

It is recognized that stiffness, biophysical cues, and nanoscale features of the cellular microenvironment play a critical role in regulating cellular functions and ceU fate... 

When reviewing the diverse range of bioreactors currently available, it is worth revisiting the notion of biocompatibility, which is an essential prerequisite for all bioreactor components that come in contact with the cells and culture medium. Analogous to biomaterials used for clinical applications, the materials used for bioreactor chambers, gas and medium exchange and contact instruments need to be as inert and neutral as possible, so that the cells and molecular factors in culture medium are not affected. In addition, however, components of bioreactors that deliver biophysical cues must also be able to retain their biocompatibility, as much as possible, as they perform their various tasks (e.g., platens used to provide compressive forces or electrodes, which impart electrical stimuli, must not corrode during cultivation). 

To repair or replace the damaged cartilage with tissue-engineering approaches, it is important to consider the local structure of the cartilage for appropriate biomechanical functions (Wilson et al 2006). The solution of this complex problem should be based upon a combinatory effort of proper material selection, adequate cell sourcing, and incorporation of biochemical/biophysical cues (Vinatier et al., 2009). 

This review outlined the progress over the past few decades in tissue engineering strategies that use hydrogels to treat musculoskeletal tissue loss. Significant advancements have been made in the design and development of hydrogel scaffolds which incorporate many of the required biochemical and biophysical cues for tissue development. Novel methods have been de-... 

---