Biomechanics kinetics

Biomechanics considers safety and health implications of mechanics, or the study of the action of forces, for the human body (its anatomical and physiological properties) in motion (at work) and at rest Mechanics, which is based on Newtonian physics, consists of two main areas statics or the study of the human body at rest or in equilibrium, and dynamics or the study of the human body in motion. Dynamics is further subdivided into two main parts, kinematics and kinetics. Kinematics is concerned with the geometry of motion, including the relationships among displacements, velocities, and accelerations in both translational and rotational movements, without regard to the forces involved. Kinetics, on the other hand, is concerned with forces that act to produce the movements. 

As indicated earlier, the information available for cHnical gait interpretation may include static physical examination measures, stride and temporal data, segment and joint kinematics, joint kinetics, electromyograms, and a video record. With this information, the clinical team can assess the patienf s gait deviations, attempt to identify the etiology of the abnormahties and recommend treatment alternatives. In this way, clinicians are able to isolate the biomechanical insufficiency that may produce a locomotive impairment and require a compensatory response from the patient. For example, a patient may excessively elevate a pelvis (compensatory) in order to gain additional foot clearance in swing, which is perhaps inadequate due to a weak ankle dorsiflexor (primary problem). 

Winter, D.A., Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement, John Wiley Sons, New York, 2005. Allard, P., Stokes, I.A.F., and Blanchi, J.P., Eds., Three-Dimensional Analysis of Human Movement, Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, 1995. 

Robertson G. and Sprigings E. 1987. Kinematics. In D.A. Dainty and R.W. Norman (Eds.), Standardizing Biomechanical Testing in Sport, pp. 9-20. Champaign, lU, Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. 

Kinetic analysis — measures or estimates forces produced by body segments and other biomechanical parameters (e.g., center of mass, moment of inertia, etc.) and physical parameters of objects (e.g., mass, dimension, etc.) (the data are used for subsequent biomechanical analyses)... 

The design of any device to be implanted in the intervertebral space must incorporate considerations of the biomechanics of the particular spinal level to be implanted. Among other factors, the primary biomechanical factors to be considered can be characterized as the kinematics (motion), kinetics (applied forces), and load sharing (distribution of stress between anatomic components). The device should allow the expected kinematics, it should be able to withstand millions of cycles of the expected loads, and it should attempt not to disrupt the distribution of the tissue level stresses and strains experienced in a healthy intervertebral joint. The kinematics, kinetics, and load sharing of the spine vary significantly as one moves from the cervical to the thoracic to the lumbar spine. 

There are two fundamentally different approaches to studying the biomechanics of human movement forward dynamics and inverse dynamics. Either can be used to determine Joint kinetics (e.g., estimate joint moments during movements). 

Zatsiorsky, V., and Seluyanov, V. (1985). Estimation of the mass and inertia characteristics of the human body by means of the best predictive regression equation, in Winter, D., Norman, R., Wells, R., Hayes, K., and Patla, A. (eds.), Biomechanics IX-B (pp. 233-239), Human Kinetics, Champaign, 111. 

Hof, A. L., Pronk, C. A. N., J. A. van Best, (1987). Comparison between EMG to force processing and kinetic analysis for the calf muscle moment in walking and stepping, Journal of Biomechanics, 20 167-178. 

An excellent reference book for an engineer or a physician interested in the spine. Each topic is written from the viewpoint of a biomechanician and the topics covered include kinetics and kinematics of vertebral joints, pathological disorders of the spine and their surgical management. Chapter 1 contains an introductory section on the intervertebral disc that describes its structure, function and biomechanics. 

Biomechanics is the application of mechanics to biological problems. It builds on anatomy, anthropometry and kinesiology. Kinesiology is the study of human movement. Biomechanics involves kinematics—the geometry and patterns of movement. Kinematic variables are displacement, velocity, and acceleration. Biomechanics also involves kinetics— the forces, energy, power, and work involved in movement. 

Biomechanics of Musculoskeletal Injury. (1998). W. Zernicke and W. Whiting. Champaign, IL Human Kinetics Publishing. 

Kinesiology physiology kinetics kinematics sports medicine technique/performance analysis injury rehabilitation modeling orthopedics prosthetics bioengineering bioinstrumentation computational biomechanics cellular/molecular biomechanics veterinary (equine) biomechanics forensic biomechanics ergonomics. 

Whiting, W.C. in Zemicke, R.F. (1998). Biomechanics of musculoskeletal injury. USA Human kinetics. 

The rapid development in science and technology have give raise to various biomechanical instrumentations developed such as the vision-based system and transducer-based system [2] - [8]. Generally, vision-based systems are more expensive than transducer-based system [8] - [12] [22]. In view of the latter, motivation of the paper is to produce a low-cost system, transducer-based system comprising of a kinematics measurement system and kinetics measurement system. 

Nigg B, Macintosh B, Mester J (2000) Biomechanics and biology of movement Human Kinetics PubUshers. 

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