Biomass grasses

To produce uniformly distributed high-residue (>6 t ha biomass), grass-legume cover crop mixtures on permanent controlled-traffic raised beds, keeping the soil continuously covered using diverse rotations of cash and cover crops. 

Green Wet biomass (grass, clover and lucerne) Proteins, fatty acids and amino acids Lactic acid, ethanol, lysine and 3HP... 

Herbaceous and agricultural biomass Grasses, flowers, straws, green, and residues Alfalfa, arundo, bamboo, bana, brassica, cane, cynara, barley, bean, flax, com, mint, oat, rape, rice, rye, sesame, sunflower, wheat, fruits, shells, husks, huUs, pits, pips, grains, seeds, coir, stalks, cobs, kernels, bagasse, food, fodder, pulps, cakes, etc. 

Biomass whether trees, plants, grasses, algae, or water plants, has a heating value of 15.1 X 10 J/dry t, and is converted in integrated biomass planting, harvesting, and conversion systems to SNG at an overall thermal efficiency of 50%. 

The chemical characteristics of biomass vary over a broad range because of the many different types of species. Table 8 compares the typical analyses and energy contents of land- and water-based biomass, ie, wood, grass, kelp, and water hyacinth, and waste biomass, ie, manure, urban refuse, and primary sewage sludge, with those of cellulose, peat, and bituminous coal. Pure cellulose, a representative primary photosynthetic product, has a carbon content of... 

There are many grasses and related plants that can be considered for energy apphcations because they have the desirable characteristics needed for land-based biomass energy systems. 

One of the most promising substrates for future production of microbial biomass is the ceUulose contained in agricultural residues such as wood pulp, sawdust, feed-lot waste, com stover, rice huUs, nut sheUs, and bagasse, aU of which contain ceUulose as the principal carbon source. CeUulose contents range from 90% in cotton to 15—20% in dicotyledon leaves. Wood residues and grasses contain mixtures of ceUulose, hemiceUulose, and lignin. The major... 

Xylan-type polysaccharides are the main hemicellulose components of secondary cell walls constituting about 20-30% of the biomass of dicotyl plants (hardwoods and herbaceous plants). In some tissues of monocotyl plants (grasses and cereals) xylans occur up to 50% [6j. Xylans are thus available in huge and replenishable amoimts as by-products from forestry, the agriculture, wood, and pulp and paper industries. Nowadays, xylans of some seaweed represent a novel biopolymer resource [4j. The diversity and complexity of xylans suggest that many useful by-products can be potentially produced and, therefore, these polysaccharides are considered as possible biopolymer raw materials for various exploitations. As a renewable resource, xylans are... 

Potential resources of xylans are by-products produced in forestry and the pulp and paper industries (forest chips, wood meal and shavings), where GX and AGX comprise 25-35% of the biomass as well as annual crops (straw, stalks, husk, hulls, bran, etc.), which consist of 25-50% AX, AGX, GAX, and CHX [4]. New results were reported for xylans isolated from flax fiber [16,68], abaca fiber [69], wheat straw [70,71], sugar beet pulp [21,72], sugarcane bagasse [73], rice straw [74], wheat bran [35,75], and jute bast fiber [18]. Recently, about 39% hemicelluloses were extracted from vetiver grasses [76]. 

Land use changes in the tropics have resulted in a landscape characterized as a mosaic of logged forests, cleared fields, and successional forests. This results in the transformation from extremely fire resistant rainforest ecosystems to anthropogenic landscapes in which fire is a common event (16, 17), Fires occur in disturbed tropical forests because deforestation has a dramatic effect on microclimate. Deforestation results in lower relative humidities, increased wind speeds, and increased air temperatures. In addition, deforestation results in increased quantities of biomass that are susceptible to fire. This biomass may be in the form of forest slash, leaf litter, grasses, lianas or herbaceous species (16, 18). 

SHOAL GRASS, Halodule wrightii 10, 40, or 120 pg/L for 22 days 420 pg/L for 22 days 1490 pg/L for 22 days Enhanced growth when compared to controls (Mitchell 1985) Above-ground biomass reduced 26% (Mitchell 1985) Above-ground biomass reduced 45% compared to controls (Mitchell 1985)... 

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