Biomass for ethanol production

Harvest the cellulase-containing transgenic plants at the end of the season (dry), grind this material to release enzyme, and subsequently use it in the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for ethanol production. 

Negro, M.J., Ballesteros, I., Manzanares, P, Oliva, J.M., Saez, F., and Ballesteros, M., Inulin-containing biomass for ethanol production carbohydrate extraction and ethanol fermentation, Appl. Biochem. Biotech., 129-132, 922-932, 2006. 

The current ethanol supply is, in the large part, derived from starch. Nevertheless, vast amounts of agricultural residues and other lignocellulosic biomass can serve as the feedstock for ethanol production. Theoretically, enough ethanol can be produced from cellulosic biomass to meet most of the liquid fuel requirements in the US. The expanded utilization of lignocellulosic biomass for ethanol production can also free starchy crops for food and other uses. In addition, less carbon dioxide emission can be realized if more ethanol can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass and if the market for ethanol as a transportation fuel can be expanded beyond the current level. 

Abideen Z, Ansari R, Khan MA (2011) Halophytes potential source of ligno-cellulosic biomass for ethanol production. Biomass Bioenergy 35(5) 1818-1822. doi 10.1016/j.biombioe.2011. 01.023... 

Choi, S. P. Nguyen, M. T. Sim, S. J. Enzymatic pretreatment of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii biomass for ethanol production. Bioresour. Technol. 2010,101, 5330-5336. 

Kemppainen, A.J. Shonnard, D.R. (2005) Comparative Life-Cycle Assessments for Biomass-to-Ethanol Production from Different Regional Feedstocks. Biotechnology Progress, 21(4), 1075-1084. 

BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK MATERIAL POTENTIALLY AVAILABLE FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION PRODUCTION POTENTIAL, MILLION GALLONS PER YEAR ETHANOL... 

Irrespective of the type of biomass used for ethanol production, the biomass needs to be pretreated to make the carbohydrates available for fermentation. However, which enzymes can be used depends on the source of the biomass. In addition, the biomass needs pretreatment before the enzymes are used. The first step of the pretreatment can be of a physical nature. Once the biomass is physically pretreated, the cellulose structures are open for enzyme action. In biomass from forests, the substance is mainly in the form of cellulose. Targeted enzymes are selective for the reaction of cellulose to glucose, and therefore there are no degradation byproducts, as occurs in acid conversion technology. There are at least three ways this can be performed. Firstly, in separate hydrolysis and fermentation, the pretreated biomass is treated with cellulase, which hydrolyzes the cellulose to glucose at 50 °C and pH 4.8. Secondly, in simultaneous fermentation and saccharification (SSF) the hydrolysis and fermentation take place in the same bioreactor. Thirdly,... 

Lee, H.J., Kim, S.I., and Mok, Y.I., Biomass and ethanol production from Jerusalem artichoke, in Alternative Sources of Energy for Agriculture Proceedings of the International Symposium, September 4-7, 1984, Taiwan Sugar Research Institute, Tainan, Taiwan, 1985, pp. 309-319. 

Kahnt, G. and Leible, F., Studies about the potential of sweet sorghum and Jerusalem artichoke for ethanol production based on fermentable sugar, in Energy from Biomass, Palz, W., Coombs, J., and Hall, D.O., Eds., Elsevier Applied Science, Eondon, 1985, pp. 339-342. 

Soderstrom, J., Pilcher, L., Galbe, M., and Zacchi, G. 2003. Two-step steam pretreatment of softwood by dilute H2S04 impregnation for ethanol production, Biomass Bioenergy, 24,475 186. 

Ingram, L., Ohta, K., and Beall, D. In Genetic Modification of E. Coli for Ethanol Production, Energy from Biomass and Wastes, Chicago, 1991 Klass, D., Ed. Chicago, 1991 pp. 1105-1125. 

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