Biomass carbon and

Table 1. Estimate of Net Photo synthetic Production of Dry Biomass Carbon and Standing Biomass Carbon for World Biosphere ...

D. A. Wardle, A comparative assessment of factors which influence microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen levels in soil, Biol. Rev. 67 321 (1992). 

Rice CW, Moorman TB, Beare M (1996) Role of Microbial Biomass Carbon and Nitrogen in Soil Quality. SSSA Special Pub 49 203-216... 

Jenkinson, D. S. (1988). Determination of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in soil. In Advances in Nitrogen cycling in Agricultural Ecosystems. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 368-386. 

Tufekcioglu, A., J.W. Raich, T.M. Isenhart, and R.C. Schultz (2003). Biomass, carbon and nitrogen dynamics of multi-species riparian buffers within an agricultural watershed in Iowa, USA. Agroforest. Syst., 57(3) 187-198. 

Newell, S. Y. Statzell-Tallman, A. (1982). Factors for conversion of fungal biovolume values to biomass, carbon and nitrogen variation with mycelial ages, growth conditions, and strains of fungi from a salt marsh. Oikos, 39, 261-8. 

As chlorophyll a (chi a) occurs in all autotrophic and mixotrophic phytoplankton organisms in a specific proportion, its concentration is a widely used proxy for the total phytoplankton biomass. The ratios of biomass, carbon, and chi a will be discussed in Section 15.6. As a conversion to biomass may introduce some errors, chi a concentration itself is frequently taken as a primary phytoplankton parameter. 

The present text book is a comprehensive analytical manual covering the aspects of soil analysis in the major areas of Soil Physics and Soil Chemistry. Furthermore, the concept of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen is also dealt in detail. An important feature of this text is that it describes not only the analytical procedures in detail but also furnishes sufficient theoretical background on the subject matter. The fundamental principles of the analytical methods have been discussed precisely and the theories explained well with mathematical analysis and chemical reactions whenever required. 

Hughes, R. F., Kauffman, J. B., and Jaramillo, V. (1999). Biomass, carbon and nutrient dynamics of secondary forests in a humid tropical region of Mexico. Ecology SO, 1892- 1907,... 

Kouno et al. (2002) estimated the turnover times of soil microbial biomass carbon and phosphorus by following decreases in biomass and P following the addition to soil of C-labelled glucose and KH PO, or of ryegrass which had been double... 

FIGURE 8.22 Relationship between microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen in organic soils (White and Reddy, 2001). 

Biobased Plastics - Carbon Footprint Reductions using Plant/ Biomass Carbon and Value Proposition... 

JaramiUo, V.J. et al.. Biomass, carbon, and nitrogen pools in Mexican tropical dry forest landscapes. Ecosystems, 6, 609, 2003. 

Distribution of Carbon. Estimation of the amount of biomass carbon on the earth s surface is a problem in global statistical analysis. Although reasonable projections have been made using the best available data, maps, surveys, and a host of assumptions, the vaHdity of the results is impossible to support with hard data because of the nature of the problem. Nevertheless, such analyses must be performed to assess the feasibiHty of biomass energy systems and the gross types of biomass available for energy appHcations. 

Human activity, particularly in the developing world, continues to make it more difficult to sustain the world s biomass growth areas. It has been estimated that tropical forests are disappearing at a rate of tens of thousands of hm per year. Satellite imaging and field surveys show that Brazil alone has a deforestation rate of approximately 8 x 10 hm /yr (5). At a mean net carbon yield for tropical rain forests of 9.90 t/hm yr (4) (4.42 short ton /acreyr), this rate of deforestation corresponds to a loss of 79.2 x 10 t/yr of net biomass carbon productivity. 

X 10 Btu/short ton), the solar energy trapped in 17.9 x 10 t of biomass, or about 8 x 10 t of biomass carbon, would be equivalent to the world s fossil fuel consumption in 1990 of 286 x 10 J. It is estimated that 77 x 10 t of carbon, or 171 x 10 t of biomass equivalent, most of it wild and not controlled, is fixed on the earth each year. Biomass should therefore be considered as a raw material for conversion to large suppHes of renewable substitute fossil fuels. Under controlled conditions dedicated biomass crops could be grown specifically for energy appHcations. 

For animal feed use, vitamin B 2 is usuaby provided in a diluted form on a carrier such as calcium carbonate and/or rice hubs. An earher practice of using a spray-dried fermentation biomass in this appHcation appears to be no longer used. 

Biomass phenolic and furan resins polyimides glassy carbons, binder and matrix carbons" graphite films and monoliths activated carbons ... 

Where a single substrate serves both as carbon and energy source, which is the case for chemoheterotrophic organisms used for biomass production, we can write ... 

A bacterium is grown aerobically with glucose as sole source of carbon and ammonium ions as nitrogen source. Experimental analysis shows that six moles of glucose are utilised for each mole of biomass produced. Write the reaction equation for growth if the elemental composition of the cells is CHi,666 CW Nojd. 

The degree of reductance of material is the number of available electrons per atom of carbon and is determined using C(+4), H(+l), 0(-2) and N(-3). So, for biomass with an empirical formula of CHiW JojdOo, the degree of reductance (y) is ... 

We can see that for type 1 processes, high growth rate is obligately linked to a high rate of product formation. Indeed, this is the case for all products produced by a fermentative mode of metabolism, eg ethanol, lactic add, acetone. Chemostat studies have shown that for most aerobic processes when growth is limited by some nutrient other than the carbon source, the yield of product decreases with increase in spedfic growth rate (p or D p = dilution rate (D) in chemostat culture). Conversely, both the biomass yield and the spedfic rate of substrate utilisation (qs g substrate g biomass-1 h-1) increase with spedfic growth rate. 

Assume that the cells can convert 67% of carbon source to biomass. Hexadecane and glucose are used as carbon sources. Calculate the stoichiometric coefficients of the following reactions ... 

---