Biomarker research

Peakall, D.B. and Shugart, L.R. (Eds.) (1993). Biomarkers Research and Application in the Assessment of Environmental Health—Conclusions and statements of principle from a NATO Symposium. 

Biological, individual, and variations between individuals (such as gender, age, and nutrition) affect peptidomes and require careful consideration in order to find valid biomarkers. A few, equally important factors for successful proteomic biomarker research are high sample quality, high sensitivity, and reproducibility that depend on proper selection of the high quality samples. 

Srinivas, P. R. Kramer, B. S. Srivastava, S., Trends in biomarker research for cancer detection, Lancet Oncol. 2001, 2, 698 704... 

The application of biomarker research in the geologic record has dealt with the derivative hydrocarbons as found in petroleum, coals, and sedimentary rocks. Reports on biomarkers in discrete fossils compared to the host rocks are sparse because (1) previous studies focused on the highly degraded geoterpenoids, i.e. saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, and (2) the preservation potential of polar compounds (natural product bioterpenoids ) was believed to be low. Flowever, recent investigations of conifer fossils demonstrated that unaltered natural product terpenoids can be preserved in resin material.This will be illustrated here with an example. 

The committee recommends that biomarker researchers, public or private, should adhere to appropriate statistical principles when sampling populations for biomonitoring. Editors of peer-reviewed journals as well as agency administrators and reviewers should insist on explicit attention to such information to minimize the possibility of incorrect inferences—even more while the biomonitoring field remains exploratory and public understanding remains incomplete. 

The analyst needs to understand that statistical models vary in their inferential utility. Linear models of some type or other are the most common and the most easily analyzed with statistical computing packages, but they may be only rough approximations of the real world. An oft-quoted aphorism of G.E.P. Box is that all models are wrong, some are useful. That is no doubt true, but it misses another level of detail of such models as follows. At the simplest level, a model fits the data. At the next level, a model predicts the data. At its most useful level, a model shows unanticipated features of the data and the research, and this is the ideal especially for biomarker research. The most exquisite characterization of association... 

Figure 1 Biomarkers for risk assessment Toward the left are biomarkers of exposure (dosimetry) most of these markers represent values obtained from toxicokinetic studies. Toward the right are biological markers of effect many of these markers are standard signs and symptoms familiar to clinicians. The goal of biomarker research is to obtain more information on the link between biologically effective doses and the early, initial biological changes that can lead to disease such values will come from studies on the mechanism of disease induction.

Costa LG Biomarker research in neurotoxicity the role of mechanistic studies to bridge the gap between the laboratory and epidemiological investigations. Environ Health Perspect 104 (suppl 1) 55—67, 1996 Costa LG, Li W-F, Richter ED, et al The role of paraoxonase (PON1) in the detoxication of organophosphates and its human polymorphism. Chem Biol Interact 14 429-438, 1999... 

To evaluate assay performance, a set of VS prepared independently of the standards is used. At least five concentrations VS should be prepared, including the target LLOQ and ULOQ, low QC ( 3 times of the LLOQ), mid-QC, and high QC (—75 % of the ULOQ). Accuracy and precision can be evaluated from the total error (the sum of bias and precision) of VS data from the qualification runs in a similar way as for macromolecular protein drugs [17]. Given biological variability and other factors in biomarker research, more lenient acceptance criteria may be used for biomarker PD than for PK studies. Still, it should be recognized that accuracy and precision data of VS in buffer provide only a relative quantification, which may be quite different from measurements in the authentic matrix. 

Marko-Varga, G. A., Nilsson, J., and LaureU, T., New directions of miniaturization within the biomarker research area, Electrophoresis, 25, 3479-3491, 2004. 

Further validation of these potential retinal miRNA biomarkers will be needed in additional toxicological species, for example, dog and monkey, following treatments with a variety of retinal toxicants, as well as possible studies in laser-induced choroid neovascularization (CNV) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy ocular disease models (Rittenhouse et al., 2014). Understanding the temporal and spatial relationships between retinal injuries and circulating miRNAs will be critical to fuUy understand the specificity, sensitivity, predictivity, and reliability of these biomarkers. Further evaluation of the translatability of circulating miRNA toxicity biomarkers in humans will be exciting as the next tier of retinal miRNA biomarker research. Finally, in addition to retinal miRNA biomarkers, there is the need to establish and validate other ocular tissue-specific miRNA biomarkers, for cornea, iris/ciliary body, and lens. 

Fosho M, Nagashima K, Sato Y (2012). Study designs and statistical analyses for biomarker research. Sensors, 12 8966-8986. 

Holder D, Schipper M (2010). Statistical Issues in Biomarker Research. In Vaidya VS and Bonventre JV (Ed.), Biomarkers in Medicine, Drug Discovery and Environmental Health. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley Sons, Inc. 

A good, well-chosen biomarker of exposure should have several qualities. One is it should be specific for the exposure of interest some metabolites are common to multiple chemical substances and may not be a suitably specific biomarker. Even a small quantity of the biomarker should be easily detectable therefore, high sensitivity is important. Also, the biomarker should be associated with exposure. Ideally, biomarkers should provide good predictive value to a specific health status and have reference values in the population if possible. Low overall analysis expense is another desirable characteristic of biomarker analysis for use in biomonitoring. The availability of suitable economical reference standards, as well as low-cost sample preparation, is an important consideration for extensive studies. This also implies that the analytical measurement procedure for the biomarker should have high throughput capability. Finally, measurements by non-invasive techniques are desirable. Urine-based biomarkers, either parent compounds or metabolites, are widely used in biomarker research today. Blood drawing is... 

Damborsky, P, Madaboosi, N., Chu, V., Conde, J.P., KatrUk, J., 2015. Surface plasmon resonance application in prostate cancer biomarker research. Chemical Papers 69,143-149. 

Miekisch, W., Herbig, J., Schubert, J. K. (2012) Data interpretation in breath biomarker research pitfalls and directions. J. Breath Res. 6,036007. 

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