Biological effects techniques

Thain, J.E., Vethaak, A.D. and Hylland, K. (2008). Contaminants in marine ecosystems developing an integrated indicator framework using biological-effect techniques. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65 1508-1514. 

The UK National Marine Monitoring Programme (NMMP), in which samples of seawater, sediment and biota are collected for chemical analysis and application of a number of biological effects techniques, including water column and sediment bioassays and the measurement of biomarkers in fish. 

Wang, X. et al. (2010) Quantitative techniques for assessing and controlling the dispersion and biological effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in mammalian tissue culture cells. ACS Nano, 4 (12), 7241-7252. 

One of the most sensitive biological effects of ionizing radiation is to increase the frequency of normally observed chromosome aberrations (but not to induce qualitatively special abnormalities). Peripheral blood lymphocytes are the most feasible cells for chromosome investigations, as blood samples are easy to obtain and the techniques to stimulate the lymphocytes to proliferate within a culture medium and to prepare suitable chromosome slides for microscopic analyzation have their routine protocoil (e. g. Yunis, 1965 Lloyd et al, 1982). 

Enzyme-inhibitor design, genetic software techniques for, 10 342 Enzyme inhibitor implants, 10 343 Enzyme-inhibitor interactions, visualization of, 10 340 Enzyme-inhibitor models, based on pharmacophores, 10 333 Enzyme inhibitors, 10 317-346 biological effects of, 10 328... 

Because of their beneficial biological effects, the fate of flavonoids in human tissues has been extensively investigated [200, 201], Mass spectrometry as a reliable detection technique has been frequently used in the HPLC analysis of flavonoids [202, 203],... 

As in solid-phase synthesis programs, one of the most challenging problems with solution-phase synthesis is to separate products obtained in the reaction mixtures and identify the compound or compounds with biological potency or some other desirable property. An especially effective technique that has been developed to deal with this problem is called indexed libraries, also known as orthogonal libraries. In this process, each product compound is prepared twice. Analysis then permits identification of the positive part of the compound and the negative part of the compound with the greatest potency. Once these have been determined, it is possible to identify the specific compound most active in the mixture. 

Because the aim of the control of residues is to prevent residues in food exerting an undesirable effect on humans, it would be elegant to use this biological effect as the detection principle. Hence, the detection of drug residues in edible animal products has traditionally been performed by microbiological techniques. 

Technique of rapidly searching for molecules with desired biological effects from very large compound libraries. 

A promising recent approach for understanding the biologic effects of biomaterials is the use of modern proteomics approaches. Such techniques have been used for the purpose of measuring protein expression profiles of macrophages (cultured on different biomaterials) to learn more about biocompatibility. Proteomics techniques were able to demonstrate that different types of polyurethane materials led to different intracellular and structural protein expression profiles.73... 

In all the studies referred to, the presence of the insecticide is determined by chemical means. The major concern is the biological effect of the material on the ecosystem. In a classical study, Yule (19) determined DDT residues in forest soils and litter using GLC and TLC techniques. Bioassays using Drosophila spp insects were then done on these samples and the mortality equivalent in terms of ug of DDT was determined. The mortality equivalent level of DDT was 50 to 250 times lower than the chemical analysis level. Thus, although the insecticide may be present in the substrate for a period of time extending... 

More recently, biotests have been coupled with chromatographic techniques in order to combine the separation/identification capabilities of hyphenated techniques with the assessment of biological effects. In such experimental setups, which typically involve the splitting of the HPLC effluent between a (mass) spectrometric detector and a flow that is directed to a modified biotest, it is possible to identify compounds and in near real time also to assess the potential hazard posed by this compound (Figure 13.12).150 151... 

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