Biogenic amines analysis

Fig. 1, Confirmation that the cell bodies shown to contain octopamine (in Table 1) belong to PM4 neurons. The photomontage shows the major projections of a Lucifer yellow-stained PM4 neuron revealed by anti-Lucifer yellow immunohistochemistry. The cell body is missing because it was removed for biogenic amine analysis. See Note 9 for additional commentary. Scale 100 pm.

A new cyanide dye for derivatizing thiols has been reported (65). This thiol label can be used with a visible diode laser and provide a detection limit of 8 X 10 M of the tested thiol. A highly sensitive laser-induced fluorescence detector for analysis of biogenic amines has been developed that employs a He—Cd laser (66). The amines are derivatized by naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde in the presence of cyanide ion to produce a cyanobenz[ isoindole which absorbs radiation at the output of He—Cd laser (441.6 nm). Optimization of the detection system yielded a detection limit of 2 x 10 M. 

Luchins D (1976). Biogenic amines and affective disorders. A critical analysis. International... 

Innumerable applications of chromatographic methods to the analysis of amines appeared in the recent literature concerning biogenic amines, drugs and their metabolites, pesticides and industrial intermediates however, due to the nonvolatile nature of many amines, application of the LC methods in Section IV.D became preponderant. 

Various important LC methods for amino acid, peptide and protein analysis were reviewed and evaluated126,127. A review of HPLC methods for the analysis of selected biogenic amines in foods appeared, including methods for extraction and for elimination of interfering compounds128. 

Biogenic amines are of great interest to researchers because of their potential roles in several psychiatric and neurological disorders. They include dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), histamine, and trace amines such as 2-phenylethylamine (PEA), tyramine, octopamine, phenylethanolamine, and tryptamine (Coutts and Baker, 1982). Although GC assays for DA, NA, and 5-HT are available, HPLC analysis with electrochemical detection has for many years now been the method of choice for analysis of these neurotransmitter amines. 

Baker GB, Coutts RT, Holt A. 1994. Derivatization with acetic anhydride applications to the analysis of biogenic amines and psychiatric drugs by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 31 141. 

Numerous assays are also available in the literature for analysis of biogenic amines and their acid metabolites in brain tissue. For example, Chi and colleagues (1999) developed a rapid and sensitive assay for analyzing NE, DA, 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), and homovanilHc acid (HVA) in rat brain. The assay used a C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm) coupled to an amperometric electrochemical detector. The mobile phase consisted of a phosphate buffer (pH 4.75) and octane sulphonic acid as an ion-pair reagent in acetonitrile. The sensitivity of the analytes reported was 3-8 pg on column. 

Ansorena, D., Montel, M.C., Rokka, M., Talon, R., Eerola, S., Rizzo, A., Raemaekers, M. and Demeyer, D. (2002). Analysis of biogenic amines in northern and southern European sausages and role of flora in amine production, Meat Sci., 61, 141. 

A number of criteria could be apphed to organize this chapter, depending on the point of view by which foods are considered. In this chapter, application of HPLC to food analysis will be described considering homogeneous classes of food components lipids, carbohydrates and related substances, proteins, peptides, amino acids, biogenic amines, phenolics, vitamins, and some selected contaminants. 

Niederwieser A, Staudenmann W, Wetzel E (1984) High-performance liquid chromatography with column switching for the analysis of biogenic amine metabolites and pterins. J Chromatogr 290 237-246... 

As a result of a high index of clinical suspicion and, on occasion, supporting biochemical data from other investigations, one of the first specialist investigations to ascertain whether a patient has an inborn error of biogenic amine metabolism is, as mentioned above, analysis of the CSF concentrations of HVA and 5HIAA. This is often performed in conjunction with the measurement of 3-methyldopa (3-MD), also known as 3-methoxytyrosine. 3-MD is formed from L-dopa via COMT activity and accumulates in conditions where aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity is impaired. The chemical structures of HVA, 5HIAA and 3-MD are shown in Fig. 6.2.1. 

Whenever a CSF profile is suggestive of a disruption of dopamine and/or serotonin metabolism, analysis of the pterin profile is extremely important in order to ascertain whether disruption of biogenic amine metabolism is directly related to alteration in BH4 availability. 

S Moret, LS Conte. High-performance liquid chromatographic evaluation of biogenic amines in foods. An analysis of different methods of sample preparation in relation to food characteristics. J Chro-matogr A 729 363-369, 1996. 

The conversion of several biogenic amines into their acetyl derivatives has been attempted [26] for their analysis by HPLC with UV detection. The calibration graphs are linear within the tested range and the limits of detection range from 30 to 250 ng depending on the amine. 

The reaction of biogenic amines with DNS-C1 is analogous to that for amino acids (Section 4.2.1.1.1). Generally, primary and secondary amines react quantitatively in acetone-water systems containing sodium bicarbonate. The major differences from the analysis of amino acids are the absence of some side reactions reported for amino acids [97], the easier extraction of the amine derivatives from aqueous systems and the chromatography. BNS-C1 reacts with biogenic amines in a similar manner to DNS-C1 under the conditions described below. 

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