Analysis of Biogenic Amines

Biogenic amines are usually detected by LC with a pre- or postcolumn derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde in the presence of mer-captoethanol, and fluorimetric detection of derivatives. A sample derivatization also has to be done to perform GC/MS analysis of grape juice or wine. Amines are distilled from the alkalized sample and trapped in an acidified solution. After concentration under vacuum, salts of ethylamine, dimethylamine, ethylamine, diethyl-amine, n-propylamine, isobutylamine, a-amylamine, isoamylamine, pyrrolidine, and 2-phenethylamine are derivatized with trifluoroacetic (TEA) anhydride. Their derivatives are extracted with ethyl ether. GC/MS is performed using a capillary fused silica PEG column with an oven temperature programmed for 8 min at 70 °C, l°C/min to 160°C, isotherm for 90min (Daudt and Ough, 1980). 

The GC/MS analysis of biogenic primary alkylamines in wine was performed also by derivatization with pentafluorobenzaldeide (PFB) (Ngim et al., 2000). Derivatization of the sample at pH 12 is carried 

Recently, a LC/ESI-MS method for analysis of tyramine, trypt-amine, 2-phenylethylamine, histamine, cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine in wine without any sample pretreatment, was 

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A new cyanide dye for derivatizing thiols has been reported (65). This thiol label can be used with a visible diode laser and provide a detection limit of 8 X 10 M of the tested thiol. A highly sensitive laser-induced fluorescence detector for analysis of biogenic amines has been developed that employs a He—Cd laser (66). The amines are derivatized by naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde in the presence of cyanide ion to produce a cyanobenz[ isoindole which absorbs radiation at the output of He—Cd laser (441.6 nm). Optimization of the detection system yielded a detection limit of 2 x 10 M. 

Baker GB, Coutts RT, Holt A. 1994. Derivatization with acetic anhydride applications to the analysis of biogenic amines and psychiatric drugs by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 31 141. 

Numerous assays are also available in the literature for analysis of biogenic amines and their acid metabolites in brain tissue. For example, Chi and colleagues (1999) developed a rapid and sensitive assay for analyzing NE, DA, 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), and homovanilHc acid (HVA) in rat brain. The assay used a C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm) coupled to an amperometric electrochemical detector. The mobile phase consisted of a phosphate buffer (pH 4.75) and octane sulphonic acid as an ion-pair reagent in acetonitrile. The sensitivity of the analytes reported was 3-8 pg on column. 

Ansorena, D., Montel, M.C., Rokka, M., Talon, R., Eerola, S., Rizzo, A., Raemaekers, M. and Demeyer, D. (2002). Analysis of biogenic amines in northern and southern European sausages and role of flora in amine production, Meat Sci., 61, 141. 

Niederwieser A, Staudenmann W, Wetzel E (1984) High-performance liquid chromatography with column switching for the analysis of biogenic amine metabolites and pterins. J Chromatogr 290 237-246... 

Gomez-Alonso, S., Hermosin-Gutierrez, I., and Garcia-Romero, E. (2007). Simultaneous HPLC analysis of biogenic amines, amino acids, and ammonium ion as aminoenone derivatives in wine and beer samples.. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 608-613. 

Analysis of biogenic amines, individually or simultaneously, is important because of their potential to be applied as indicators of food spoilage or authenticity. The two main problems encountered with amine determination in food products in general, and especially in wine, are the complexity of the matrix and their low... 

Table 4.1 Eluent gradient program for HPLC analysis of biogenic amine-OPA derivatives. Solvent A) 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer/tetrahydrofuran 96 4 (v/v) solvent B) methanol flow rate 1 mL/min (Busto et al., 1995 Bertoldi et al., 2004).

Table 4.4 HPLC elution gradient program used for analysis of biogenic amine-dabsyl derivatives. Solvent A) 40 mM sodium acetate, 10% dimethylformamide and 0.23% (v/v/v) triethylamine adjusted to pH 5.0 with acetic acid solvent B) 87.5% acetonitrile, 10% tert-butyl methyl ether and 2.5% water (v/v/v) flow rate l.OmL/min.

Table 4.6 HPLC elution gradient program used for analysis of biogenic amine benzoyl chloride derivatives. Eluent A) 0.40 M sodium dodecyl sulfate aqueous solution buffered to pH 3.0 with 0.02M phosphate buffer, eluent B) acetonitrile.

Table 4.7 HPLC elution gradient program used for analysis of biogenic amines with the method of post-column OPA derivatization. Eluent A) 0.165 M sodium acetate (pH 5.25) and lOmM octane sulfonate eluent B) 0.2 M sodium acetate (pH 4.5) and lOmM octane sulfonate in acetonitrile/H20 (66 34) eluent C) 0.01 M sodium acetate (pH 5.25) and lOmM octane sulfonate flow rate 1 mL/min.

TABLE 8.4. Data Acquisition Parameters of MRM Transitions Used for LC/ESI-MS Analysis of Biogenic Amines in Wine"... 

Shore, P. A. (1971). Analysis of biogenic amines and their related enzymes. In Advances in Fish Science and Technology (J. J. Connell, Ed.), pp. 489-494. Fishing News (Books) Ltd., Farnham, U.K. 

Wang, Y., Enriquez-Ibarra, L. G., Bonilla, M., McNair, H. H., and Flick, G. J. (1994). Analysis of Biogenic Amines in Finfish. A Progress Report. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA. 

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