Biofuels plastics

Biofuel, plastics, solvent Cellulose plastics, preservatives, pesticides, perfumes, solvent... 

Averous, L. and Halley, P.J., Biocomposites Based on Plasticized Starch, Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefin., 3, 329 (2009)... 

Shen L, WorreU E, Patel M (2010) Present and future development in plastics from biomass. Biofuels, Bioprod Bioreflning 4 25-40... 

The development of PH A into a branch of bulk chemical industry will address at least three issues shortage of petroleum for plastic materials, reduction of CO emissions, and environmental protection. It is related to the sustainable development of the chemical and material industries. The newly developed PHA-based biofuels open up a new area for development that avoids argument on food versus fuel and fuel versus land. However, much more work needs to be done to reduce the cost of PHA production so that PHA-based biofuel can be added to the existing bio-based fuels, including ethanol, propanol, butanol, biodiesel, hydrogen, and methane gas (Fig. 7). 

L. Averous, and P.J. Halley, Biocomposites based on plasticized starch. Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefin. 3(3), 329-343 (2009). 

Ethanol is one of the oldest biotechnological products used by humans, even ancient Egyptians were drinking a sort of beer obtained by aleoholic fermentation. More reeently ethanol was involved in first- and then second-generation biofuels. The overall sustainability and economie viability of these approaches remain doubtful. However, the production of bio-ethanol in important amounts led to its eonsideration for bio-based plastics production. Thus, the dehydration of ethanol was extensively studied and improved to produce ethylene, while the further polymerization to polyethylene (PE) and utilization are well known in the plastic industty. Furthermore, bio-ethanol was also used for the production of partially bio-based polyethylene terephthalate (PET). ... 

Major Applications CMOS technology, waveguides, electroluminescent device, inks, plastics, biofuel cells,9 detect bacterial growth, lipids, DNA, diagnosis of diseases related to amyloid accumulation, 3 fluorescent probes,, therapy of viral diseases, photodynamic therapy Safety/Toxicity Carcinogenicity, cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, 9 teratogenicity ... 

Brochures, reports and publications on specific areas such as on Biobased Chemicals Bio-based Chemicals -Value Added Products from Biorefineries , Green Building Blocks for Biobased Plastics and Biofuel-driven biorefineries and A Selection of the most Promising Biorefinery Concepts to produce Large Volumes of Road Transportation Biofuels by 2025 . ... 

Liquid phase catalytic processing is a promising biorefinery process that produces functionalized hydrocarbons from biomass-derived intermediates (e.g., intermediate hydroxymethylfurfural or HMF). Renewable furan derivatives can be used as substitute building blocks for fossil fuels, plastics, and fine chemicals, ° or to develop biofuels based on C5 and C6 carbohydrates (sugars, hemicellulose, cellulose). Currently, Avantium Chemicals in the Netherlands is developing chemical catalytic routes to generate furanics for renewable polymers, bulk and specialty chemicals, and biofuels. ... 

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) is a family of structurally diverse biopolyesters accumulated by many bacteria as carbon and energy source (Figure 16.1)d PHA have been exploited with a series of applications including environmentally friendly biodegradable plastics for packaging purposes, biofuels, medical implants, and recently, smart materials. PHA monomers are also produced as chiral intermediates for medical or fine chemical applications. ... 

Fig. 8 PHAs are developing into a bio- and material industrial value chain with applications ranging from industrial microbiology, plastics, biofuels, medicines and fine chemicals [3]...

Perhaps the most serious potential limitation of biomass and biobased industrial products is the possible conflict with food and feed production on the same land. While biomass utilization for organic chemicals and materials, done properly, is not likely to result in conflicts with food production, biomass production and utilization for liquid fuels such as ethanol might indeed conflict with food production. This is particularly true if fuel use efficiency does not increase dramatically over the time frame that biofuels are implemented. Food production will always be a higher human priority than production of fuels or plastics. This issue must be carefully considered and appropriate resolutions achieved if biobased industrial products, including biomass-derived liquid transportation fuels, are to provide us their full social, economic and environmental benefits. 

Advances in fermentation technology have been remarkable over recent decades, and many chemical compounds are produced in an industrial scale." Ethanol and lactic acid have been produced by fermentation for very long time. These two products are easy to obtain because they are the final products of each metabolic pathway. Fortunately, lactic acid is a monomer available for a biodegradable polyester, and ethanol is available as biofuel. Poly(lactic acid) (PEA) is a well-known polymer, whose physical properties are comparable to those of hard plastics produced from petroleum chemicals. The amount of industrial PEA production is increasing, and the application field of PEA is being extended. Much literature covers the properties, synthetic methods. 

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