Biofuels alcohol

Agarwal, A. K. (2007). Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 33, 233—271. 

Even though many chemical compounds are being examined today as next-generation biofuels, alcohols, esters, ethers and hydrocarbons, we will principally focus on an alcohol and a hydrocarbon— butanol and isobutene. 

Capacity Limitations and Biofuels Markets. Large biofuels markets exist (130—133), eg, production of fermentation ethanol for use as a gasoline extender (see Alcohol fuels). Even with existing (1987) and planned additions to ethanol plant capacities, less than 10% of gasoline sales could be satisfied with ethanol—gasoline blends of 10 vol % ethanol the maximum volumetric displacement of gasoline possible is about 1%. The same condition apphes to methanol and alcohol derivatives, ie, methyl-/-butyl ether [1634-04-4] and ethyl-/-butyl ether. 

Akers NL, Moore CM, Minteer SD. 2005. Development of alcohol/02 biofuel cells using salt-extracted tetrabutylammoiuum bromide/Nafion membranes to immobilize dehydrogenase enzymes. Electrochim Acta 50 2521-2525. 

The additional interesting part of Fig. 1.12 is the biorefinery, which uses biomass and waste, produces waste products C02 and ash, both to be recycled for the production of biofuels, heat and electricity and biomaterials. These biomaterials are highly oxygen functionalized for products such as alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters. A currently produced bioplastic is poly(lactic acid). A main cost factor is separation. 

There are three ways to use biomass. It can be burned to produce heat and electricity, changed to gas-like fuels such as methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide, or converted to a liquid fuel. Liquid fuels, also called biofuels, are predominantly two forms of alcohol ethanol and methanol. Because biomass can be converted directly into a liquid fuel, it could someday supply much of our transportation fuel needs for cars, tmcks, buses, airplanes, and trains. This is veiy important because nearly one-third of our nation s energy is now used for transportation. 

A carbon felt electrode modified by electropolymer-ized methylene green has been implemented as the anode in an alcohol—O2 biofuel cell. The porous... 

The first-generation biofuels can be identified as ethanol, which was produced via the alcoholic fermentation of cereals, and hio-oil or biodiesel, which was extracted from seeds such as sunflower, rapeseed, or palm. The use of cereals and sunflowers was rejected by public opinion and some scientific environments, because their use for energy production conflicted with their use as foodstuffs. In fact, the diversion of cereals to the production of ethanol for transport has led to a rise in the price of flour and derived goods, especially in Mexico. The same situation has arisen for some bio-oils, such that the source was shifted to palm-oil which, essentially, is produced in Asian countries such as Malaysia. 

Based on this ability to manipulate the algal composition, these organisms can be used for the production of different types of biofuel. For example, those algae which are rich in hpids are better suited for the production of bio-oil or biodiesel those rich in starch can be used for alcoholic fermentations to afford ethanol and those rich in proteins and starch can be used for the production of biogas. 

The last two chapters are devoted to problems of actual interest, manufacturing biofuels from renewable raw materials. Chapter 14 deals with Biodiesel Manufacturing. This renewable fuel is a mixture of fatty acid esters that can be obtained from vegetable or animal fats by reaction with light alcohols. A major aspect in... 

W. Korbitz, New trends in developing biodiesel worldwide, in Asia Biofuels Evaluating Exploiting the Commercial Uses of Ethanol, Fuel Alcohol Biodiesel, Singapore, 2002. 

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