Biofine

Biofin needs to be added to cat food when diet contains antimicrobial or anfivitamin compounds. 

Chemical plants biofine, 11 439-440 fugitive emissions from, 10 68-70 process design for, 26 999-1001 process operations in, 14 205-207 railroad tracks within, 25 324-325 reliability of, 26 980-998 safe construction of, 21 852 Chemical plant units, overhauls of, 14 210 Chemical-political innovations, evaluating, 24 189... 

Purified or semipurified antibodies are also commercially available from many sources. These are particularly useful if a certain technique requires the use of a species-specific secondary antibody. Several companies will also provide these antibodies already conjugated to reporter enzymes, fluorophores, avidin/biofin, or gold particles of various sizes. 

Fitzpatrick, S.W. 2004. Biofine Process A Biorefinery Concept Based on Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass. ACS National Meeting Book of Abstracts, 227, 173. 

The most widely used approach for producing levulinic acid is the direct hydrolysis of biomass or carbohydrates, catalyzed by aqueous acid.478,480 483 However, this forms large amounts of side products and intractable materials, requiring an expensive separation that drives up its cost. Several years ago, a new process developed by the Biofine Corporation eliminated many of the existing production problems. The Biofine process... 

Fitzpatrick, S. W., The Biofine technology A bio-refinery concept based on thermochemical conversion of cel-lulosic biomass. Feedstocks for the Future Renewables for the Production of Chemicals and Materials, 2006, 921,271-287. 

One potential very large scale application of LA is its transformation, via ring closure and hydrogenation, into 2-methyltetrahydrofuran [197], a possible motor fuel additive. One of the companies involved, Biofine Inc. (now BioMetics) has received the 1999 Presidential Green Chemistry Award for its work on LA. 

The biofin carboxyl carrier subxmif of E. coU acefyl-CoA carboxylase contains the covalently bound biohnypie larger biotin carboxylase subunit catalyzes the ATP-dependent attachment of CO2 to the biotin and the carboxyltransferase subunit catalyzes the final banscarboxylahon step (Eq. 14-5, step b) by which acetyl-CoA is converted into malonyl-CoA. 

The Biofine process produces levulinic acid, furfural and formic acid from lignocellulose in a two-step process using dilute sulfuric acid as a catalyst [45], The first step depolymerises the polysaccharides and converts the resulting 6-carbon sugars into hydroxymethylfurfural by a dehydration reaction at 210-220 °C and 25 bar. The second step converts hydroxymethylfurfural to the products at 190-200 °C and 14 bar (Scheme 1). 

TABLE 3.6 Flavors and biofine chemicals produced by SSF of vegetable residues (selection from Laufenberg, 2003)... 

Paper mill sludge (as well as other forms of cellulose) can be converted to levulinic acid in 70-90% yield by hydrolysis to glucose followed by controlled heating (12.14) in a process developed by Biofine, Inc.41... 

Cortisone (25 to 300 mg/day) is insoluble in water. Cortisone acetate (Biofine) is available in a 25-mg tablet. Hydrocortisone (cortisol, 20 to 240 mg/day) exists in suspension and is insoluble in water. Hydrocortisone cypionate (Cortef, 20 to 240 mg/day) is available in an oral suspension. Hydrocortisone sodium phosphate, a water-soluble salt with a rapid onset but short duration of action, is available for IV, IM, or SC injection. Hydrocortisone sodium succinate (Solu-Cortef) in an initial dose of 100 to 500 mg may be administered IV or IM. The antiinflammatory effect of corfisol is relatively weak (Table 11). 

Hayes, D.J., Fitzpatrick, S.W., Hayes, M.H.B., and Ross, J.R.H. (2005) The biofine process - production of levulinic acid, furfural, and formic acid from lignocellulosic feedstocks, in Eiorefineries Industrial Processes and Products, vol. 1 (eds B. Kamm, P.R. Gruber, and M. Kamm), Wiley, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 139-164. 

Entry 13 describes another high yielding approach to LA that involves the intermediacy of CMF 2, the preparation of which was covered in Sect. 3 of this chapter. Using com stover as an example, submission to the CMF process (biphasic aq. HCl/solvent reaction, 80°C, 3 h) gives CMF in 80% yield, during which levulinic acid is co-produced in 8% yield. Hydrolysis of the CMF at 190°C for 20 min provides a 91% yield of LA, for a net conversion from biomass of 81% over two steps. The Biofine and CMF methods are co-rendered graphically in Scheme 23. 

Scheme 23 Production of LA by the Biofine process (left) and via CMF (right)...

This work was supported by the Office of Industrial Technologies (U. S. Department of Energy), Biofine, Inc. Chemical Industiy service, Inc. and the New York Energy Research and Development Agency. I am also grateful to Dr. Joseph J. Bo2ell at NREL for the many stimulating discussions. 

The acid catalysed hydrolysis of cellulose-containing biomass to levulinic acid (LA) has been known for a number of years but yields are low and tars are formed. However, by careful control of the temperature and pressure (i), Biofine Inc., has been able to develop a high yield process in a pilot plant. Commercial scaleup at several locations is in development (4). Although the literature contains numerous references to LA chemistry, the scope is limited. We now report a number of new reactions of levulinic acid. 

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