Bioenergy supply

Bioenergy is expected to become one of major energy resources for sustainable development of mankind. However, bioenergy supply potential cannot be infinite since land area available for biomass production is limited and a certain amount of biomass must be reserved for food and material. However, bioenergy can be produced not only from biocnergy plantations, which occupy land, but also from biomass residues (such as straw, animal dung, and wood scrap) which do not occupy land directly. These biomass residues are discliarged at various processes in biomass flow from harvest to consumption. 

Those two parts are connected through common variables concerning bioenergy supply potential (Figure 1). The number of constrains is about 4,300 in the energy systems part and is 2,100 in the land use part. 

In this study, we define ultimate bioenergy supply potential for biomass residues, modern fuelwood, and energy crops. We make a numerical evaluation in the following parts of this study. 

We define ultimate bioenergy supply potential of biomass residues as follows. 

Ultimate bioenergy supply potential) (all the discharged biomass residues) ties)... 

We explain simulation results of ultimate bioenergy supply potential and bioen ergy consumption in 2050. 

Yamamoto, H, Fujino, J, Yamaji, K. (1999) Estimation of regional bioenergy supply potential using a global land use and energy model, (Central Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo), Research Report Y98023,... 

Seay, J.R., Badurdeen, F.F., 2014. Current trends and directions in achieving sustainability in the biofuel and bioenergy supply chain. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 6, 55—60. 

For abiotic stock resources, the resource value is set as equal to the production and environmental cost for a sustainable alternative. For fossil oil, gas and coal, these alternatives are rapeseed oil, biogas and charcoal, respectively. For metal (metal ores), the production and environmental costs to upgrade low-quality ores (sustainable supplies), such as silicate minerals, to a quality similar to present day ores, using a bioenergy-driven process (near-sustainable process), is used as the resource value. 

Berndes, G. Hoogwijk, M. Van den Broek, R., The contribution of biomass in the future global energy supply A review of 17 studies. Biomass and Bioenergy 2003, 25,1-28. 

Biomass potentials are mainly determined by agricultural productivity and the amount of land accessible for energy crop production. The total area under energy crops in the EU was around 1.6 million hectares in 2004 (estimate for 2005 2.5 million hectares), which represents nearly 3% of the total arable land. AEBIOM (2007) estimated a total biomass supply of 220 MtOE for the year 2020, while 23 MtOE are covered by wood-based bioenergy (direct from forests) and 88 MtOE by agriculture-based energy crops (by-products not considered). The Commission has estimated that about 15% of the EU s arable land (17.5 million hectares) would be used to reach the targets for 2020. 

Sugarcane- or cellulose-based ethanol has less of an effect on food prices, but its expanded production can end up destroying wildlife habitat and forests, threatening the survival of the rainforests, and polluting water supplies. The DOE is establishing three bioenergy research centers in order to evaluate the various processes of turning cellulose into fuel. 

USDOE and USDA, Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply (2005). http //wwwl.eere. en-ergy.gov/biomass/pdfs/final billionton vision report2.pdf... 

USDA and USDOE Joint Report. 2005. A Billion-Ton Feed Stock Supply for Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry Technical Feasibility of Annually Supplying 1 BiUion Dry Tons of Biomass. Joint Report—U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Energy, February 2005. 

The guaranteed supply of biofuels is an important element for the promotion of bioenergy in general and gasification technologies in particular. This requires the... 

Bioenergy resource cost) = (supply cost) + (opportunity cost)... 

The resource costs are assumed to increase with a stair-like function in proportion to the resource utilization ratios (resource use per ultimate resource supply potential). We assume that bioenergy resource costs with disposal costs, such as black liquor, animal dung, and human manure, are zero. These costs may be negative actually. 

One platform that the lEA countries have used to help development of bioenergy applications has been the techno-economic assessments carried out during the past 20 years. An expert group has been assembled, which has developed standard procedures for the assessments. Lately the work has been carried out with industry, which typically has supplied cost data for the assessments. 

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