Biodegradable textiles

Ghoreishi SM, Haghighi R (2003) Chemical catalytic reaction and biological oxidation for treatment of non-biodegradable textile effluent. Chem Eng J 95 163-169... 

Manufacture and application of biodegradable textiles in the apparel context... 

The widespread use of biphenyl and methyl-substituted biphenyls as dye carriers (qv) in the textile industry has given rise to significant environmental concern because of the amount released to the environment in wastewater effluent. Although biphenyl and simple alkylbiphenyls are themselves biodegradable (48—50), the prospect of their conversion by chlorination to PCBs in the course of wastewater treatment has been a subject of environmental focus (51—53). Despite the fact that the lower chlorinated biphenyls are also fairly biodegradable (49,54,55) continued environmental concern has resulted in decreased use of biphenyl as a dye carrier (see Dyes, environmental chemistry). 

P. Simmons, D. Branson, and R. Bailey, "Biodegradability of 1,2,4-Trichloroben ne", paper presented at the 1976Association of Textile Chemicals and Colorist International Technical Conference, Chicago, lU., 1976. 

Special mention must be made of poly(lactic acid), a biodegradable/bio-resorbable polyester, obtained from renewable resources through fermentation of com starch sugar. This polymer can compete with conventional thermoplastics such as PET for conventional textile fibers or engineering plastics applications. Hie first Dow-Cargill PLA manufacturing facility is scheduled to produce up to 140,000 tons of Nature Works PLA per year beginning in 200245 at an estimated price close to that of other thermoplastic resins U.S. l/kg.46 Other plants are planned to be built in the near future.45... 

Until the 1950s ether carboxylates were almost in very limited amounts in the textile industry. It was only in 1957 [9] that the first ethercarobxylates were mentioned, in combination with other surfactants such as alkyl sulfates and ether sulfates, for use in shampoos. In spite of the special properties of ether carboxylates, their use was low in the industry as well as in cosmetics at that time. This was also due to the fact that at that time properties such as toxicity, biodegradability, and mildness to the skin did not have the high priority they do now. 

In contrast to specifying to suppliers what chemicals or materials are restricted, it is useful to specify exactly what chemicals and materials are desired. Once a material or chemical is well characterized, and it is considered benign with respect to human and environmental health, it can be added to a preferred or positive list (i.e., P-list). For example, a textile manufacturer may source certified organic cotton, or polyester made with antimony-free catalysts, to develop a product line based on these fibres. Or a cleaning product formulator may seek bio-based solvents or rapidly biodegradable surfactants consistent with their product development objectives. 

Senan RC, Abraham TE (2004) Bioremediation of textile azo dyes by aerobic bacterial consortium. Biodegradation 15 275-280... 

Martins MAM, Ferreira IC, Santos IFM, Queiroz MJ, Lima N (2001) Biodegradation of bioaccessible textile azo dyes by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. J Biotechnol 89 91-98... 

Direct Black 38 Mixed microbial culture isolated from an aerobic bioreactor treating textile wastewater The dye was transformed into benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl followed by complete biodegradation of these toxic intermediates [134]... 

Khalid A, Arshad M, Crowley DE (2009) Biodegradation potential of pure and mixed bacterial cultures for removal of 4-nitroanaline from textile dye wastewater. Wat Res 43 1110-1116... 

Elisangela F, Andrea Z, Fabio DG et al (2009) Biodegradation of textile azo dyes by a facultative Staphylococcus arlettae strain VN-11 using a sequential microaerophilic/aerobic process. Int Biodeter Biodegr 63 280-288... 

Franciscon E, Zille A, Garboggini FF et al (2009) Microaerophilic-aerobic sequential decolourization/biodegradation of textile azo dyes by a facultative Klebsiella sp. strain VN-31. Process Biochem 44 446 -52... 

Kalyani DC, Telke AA, Dhanve RS, Jadhav JP (2009) Ecofhendly biodegradation and detoxification of Reactive Red 2 textile dye by newly isolated Pseudomonas sp. SUK1. J of Hazard Mat 163 735-742... 

Xu M, Guo J, Sun G (2007) Biodegradation of textile azo dye by Shewanella decolorationis S12 under microaerophilic conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 76 719-726... 

Kalyani DC, Patil PS, Jadhav JP, Govindwar SP (2008) Biodegradation of reactive textile dye Red BLI by an isolated bacterium Pseudomonas sp. SUK1. Bioresour Technol 99 4635 4 841... 

Lourenco ND, Novais JM, Pinheiro HM (2001) Effect of some operational parameters on textile dye biodegradation in a sequential batch reactor. J Biotechnol 89 163-174... 

Though cycle time plays an important role in the SBR for the decolorization process, not many reports are found in the literature. The long retention times are often applied in the anaerobic phase of the reactor studies, such as 18 and 21 h. In several studies, it was reported that there is a positive correlation between the anaerobic cycle time and the color removal [30, 31]. Indeed, in combined anaerobic-aerobic SBRs, since bacteria shifted from aerobic to anaerobic conditions, or vice versa, anaerobic azo reductase enzyme can be adversely affected by aerobic conditions, which is essential for aromatic amine removal, thereby resulting in insufficient color removal rate. To investigate the effect of cycle time on biodegradation of azo dyes, inar et al. [20] operated SBR in three different total cycle times (48-, 24- and 12-h), fed with a synthetic textile wastewater. The results indicated that with a... 

Sharma DK, Saini HS, Singh M et al (2004) Biodegradation of acid blue-15 a textile dye by an upflow immobilized cell bioreactor. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 31 109-114... 

Ong SA, Toorisaka E, Hirata M et al (2008) Combination of adsorption and biodegradation processes for textile effluent treatment using a granular activated carbon-biofilm configured packed column system. J Environ Sci 20 952-956... 

Keywords Advanced oxidation-biological processes, Anaerobic-aerobic bacterial process, Azo dyes, Biodegradation, Bioreactor, Decolorization, Integrated processes, Textile wastewater... 

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