Biodegradable magnesium

Persaud-Sharma, D. and McGoron, A. (2012) Biodegradable magnesium alloys a review of material development and applications. 

Wang, X.J. and Wen, C. (2014) Corrosion protection of mesoporous bioactive glass coating on biodegradable magnesium. 

The polarisation resistance can be related to the rate of general corrosion for metals at or near their corrosion potential, corr. Polarisation resistance measurements are an accurate and rapid way to measure the general corrosion rate (CR) of bioinert Ti alloys, biotolerant austenitic surgical steels or biodegradable magnesium alloys. 

Various analytical methods have been used to determine the elemental components of biodegradable magnesium alloys (Mg, Al, Li, Zn, REE) in histological sections, bone, tissue and body fluids (Witte et al., 2008b) (see Table 10.2). The application of these methods for trace and ultra-trace analysis in small sample volumes is hampered by several problems. The typical concentrations of the elements mentioned above range from < 1 p.g/L to about 1 mg/L in serum and from < 1 mg/kg up to about 500 mg/kg for example in liver and bone. Thus, the sensitivity of several analytical methods... 

Witte, E, Ulrich, H., Palm, C. Willbold, E (2007a) Biodegradable magnesium scaffolds Part II peri-implant bone remodeling. J Biomed Mater Res A, 81, 757-65. 

Witte, F., Abeln, I., Switzer, E, Kaese, V., Meyer-Lindenberg, A. Windhagen, H. (2008a) Evaluation of the skin sensitizing potential of biodegradable magnesium alloys. J Biomedi Mater Res Part A, 86A, 1041-7. 

Song, G Song, S (2007), A possible biodegradable magnesium implant material . Advanced Engineering Materials, 9, 298-302. 

A biodegradation accelerant increases or accelerates the rate of biodegradation in the environment. For example, calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, barium oxide, barium hydroxide, sodium silicate, calcium phosphate, magnesium oxide, may accelerate the biodegradation process. These compounds may also act as processing aids. A commonly used compound is calcium carbonate (20). 

Soapless detergents Soap-like molecules which do not form a scum with hard water. These substances have been developed from petrochemicals. Their calcium and magnesium salts are water soluble and they are biodegradable. 

Interest in detergent products derived from renewable resources and with better biodegradability has driven evaluation of oxidized sugars and starches as builders or co-builders in detergents.113 Builders and co-builders complex calcium and magnesium ions in hard water to prevent sealing or deposits due to precipitation of insoluble carbonate salts. In current powder detergents, the builders are usually zeolites used in combination with polycarboxylate polymers derived from synthetic acrylic-maleic acid copolymers.114... 

By using a recently developed magnesium hydride technology, the trisiloxane lyophobic part in superspreading surfactants can be substituted by a trimethylsilane moiety. This synthetic route leads to both nonionic and ionic silane surfactants, which are hydrolytically stable even under extreme pH. Aqueous solutions of these new surfactants exhibit surface tension and wetting properties comparable to the traditional organomodified trisiloxane surfactants. The combination of hydrolytic stability and biodegradability offers chance for the widespread application of these silane based surfactants. 

Hydroxyapatite and magnesium oxide improve biodegradation of polylactides. The degradation occurs in the bulk material whereas, in unfilled material, degradation occurs by surface erosion. 

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