Biocompatible-bioactive

Among new applications [192,193] attention has been focused on the biocompatible, bioactive, and biodegradable properties. Dopamine and several enzymes, e.g., trypsine, have been covalently bound to polyphos-phazene chain. AJso anestisics, steroids, and antibacterial agents may be linked to polyphosphazene with promising pharmaceutical applications. 

No adverse side effects of fucoxanthin were reported in the mice study. Notably, in animal studies, fucoxanthin also appeared to stimulate liver to produce docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, at levels comparable to fish oil supplementation. The animal experiments with fucoxanthin stimulated researchers to recommend human clinical trials. In placebo-controlled trials, a supplement containing a 5% fucoxanthin (daily dosage 10 mg) did not reveal any harmful effects (Holt, 2008). Therefore, fucoxanthin may be considered as nontoxic, nonaller-genic, biocompatible, bioactive materials. 

An alternative suggested approach to endodontic treatment is to use injectable bone substitute and calcium phosphate materials, which have been described as promising in terms of biocompatibility, bioactivity and rheological properties (Enkel et al., 2008). 

As bone substitution materials, calcium orthophosphates are researched for more than 80 years. The most significant characteristics of calcium phosphates are their bioresorbtion and bioactivity. They are non-toxic and biocompatible. Bioactivity shows as an ability to create a physical chemical bond between an implant and a bone. This process is called ostheointegration (Dorozhkin, 2009b). 

Biological related properties including biocompatibility, bioactivity, controlled resorption and antibacterial properties. 

The surprising finding in studies recently performed [24] show that the bacteriostatic and antibacterial properties of the Ca-aluminate biomaterial may not just be related to pH, but also to the hydration procedure and the microstructure/nanostructure obtained. This also to some extent is an answer why highly biocompatible and even bioactive biomaterials can combine apparently contradictory features such as biocompatibility, bioactivity and apatite formation and environmental friendliness with bacteriostatic and antibacterial properties. 

The principal inorganic constituent of bone, hydroxyapaptite (HAP) is mainly used in the tissue engineering field due to its excellent biocompatible, bioactive, non-inflam-matory, nontoxic and osteoconductive properties [175]. It is noted that the incorporation of HAP into poly (1-lactide) can greatly improve protein adsorption capacity. 

Due to its good properties of biocompatibility, bioactivity and mechanical properties glass-ceramics A/W is used from the Eighties, for the reconstructions of the iliac crests, artificial vertebrae, intervertebral discs. Glass-ceramics A/W can easily machined into various shapes using discs and reels of diamond, even into screws and in powder form can be used to repair and fill bone defects. 

The growing demand for utilizing bioactive materials for orthopedic applications as well as in maxillofacial surgery, the use of bioceramics such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) as porous scaffolds has increased, primarily because of their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and osteoconduction characteristics with respect to bone tissue. For tissue regeneration in medicine, three-dimensional scaffolds with specific characteristics are required. A very important property is a high, interconnecting porosity to enable tissue ingrowth into the scaffold [1]. 

---