Biocompatibility mammalian cells

Biocompatibility of implanted devices is exponentially more complicated than biocompatibility of topical devices. Rejection of a topical device is not a major issue but it represents the primary difficulty for a device that enters the body. The device will come into contact with fluids and cells that are sensitive to contacts with foreign materials. The success of the biofilters discussed in the last chapters is an implication of a level of biocompatibility. Bacteria are somewhat forgiving because they are able to tolerate contacts that would cause instant death to mammalian cells. Bacteria have evolved to the point where they are able to attach themselves to almost anything. 

Various standards and procedures exist for the evaluation of the biological and immunotoxicity response of an implant [81] from the point of view of biocompatibility. Acute toxicity screening and in vivo implantation tests are fundamental in this respect. Cytotoxicity testing to detect the biological activity of the material on a mammalian cell monolayer is often the first step in assessing biocompatibility of a device. An international standard on the biological evaluation... 

NIR-absorbing metal nanostructures are appealing for biomedical imaging applications for reasons discussed previously, and this includes biological applications of SERS. For example, NIR-active core-shell superparticles have been prepared by the electrostatic assembly of densely packed Au nanoparticles on submicron silica spheres.34 Such superparticle probes can be implanted into mammalian cells by cationic transfection,186 and have produced SERS signals from absorbed DNA.187 Biocompatible SERS nanoparticle tags can also be used as contrast agents for in vivo detection, as previously discussed.169... 

Seals are those elements that create or maintain process boundaries between system components and/or subassemblies in order to ensure system integrity in validated process and utility systems. Seals must be biocompatible (able to be in contact with bacteria or mammalian cells without interfering with their metabolism or ability to live and multiply), must be corrosion and permeation resistant, their surface finishes must be free of molding imperfections and foreign matter on surfaces within the sealing area, and shall not generate particulate that may entrain the product. 

The encapsulation experience with EUDRAGIT RL lead to the conclusion that EUDRAGIT RL, while appropriate for demonstrating in a general sense that water insoluble polyacrylates could be used to microencapsulate live mammalian cells, was not suitable for the particular problem of encapsulating cells because of its limited biocompatibility and permeability. To address both of these limitations (and especially the former one), a series of noncrosslinked... 

We have outlined the diversity and procedural flexibility afforded through the use of appropriately designed synthetic polymers for mammalian cell immobilization. Having selected the acrylate family of monomers because of their diversity, we have shown that mammalian cells may be microencapsulated in uncharged and polyelectrolyte polymer, in polyelectrolyte complexes and inside a cohesive precipitate from a destabilized emulsion all without significant loss of viability. Through this chemical diversity and inherent biocompatibility, these systems hold forth the possibility of improved transplantation therapies for a wide variety of cellular diseases. 

Initial biocompatibility studies were conducted on polyanhydrides. As evaluated by mutation assays (29), the degradation products of the polymer were non-mutagenic and non-cytotoxic. Teratogenicity tests were also negative. Growth of mammalian cells in tissue culture was also not affected by these polymers (29). 

In this chapter, we proposed several in vitro assays using mammalian cell cultures to measure some features of metallic products. Both the colony formation assay and the viable cell number assay can detect changes in the surface conditions of metallic materials, which are difficult to detect using traditional material analyzing techniques such as microscope analysis and X-ray fluorescence spectrometric analysis. The MTT assay is more effective method to quickly analyze multiple samples at one time. These in vitro assays are applied in assessment of metallic products and understanding the biological functions of metal(s). This information is very important in order to generate environmental friendly metallic products and biocompatible ones. 

Aoki T, Tanino M, Sanui K, Ogata N, Kumakura K, Okano T, et al. Culture of mammalian cells on polypyrrole-coated TTO as a biocompatible electrode. Synth Met 1995 71. 

Batchelor L, Loni A, Canham LT, Hasan M, Coffer JL (2012) Manufacture of mesoporous silicon from living plants and agricultural waste an environmentally friendly and scalable process. Silicon 4(4) 259-266. doi 10.1007/sl2633-012-9129-8 Bayliss SC, Heald R, Fletcher DI, Buckberry LD (1999) The culture of mammalian cells on nanostructured silicon. Adv Mater 11(4) 318-321 Bimbo LM, Sarparanta M, Santos HA, Airaksinen AJ, Makila E, Laaksonen T, Peltonen L, Lehto VP, Hirvonen J, Salonen J (2010) Biocompatibility of thermally hydrocarbonized porous silicon nanoparticles and their biodistribution in rats. ACS Nano 4(6) 3023-3032. doi 10.1021/ nn901657w... 

Modification of polymer surfaces is used to improve biocompatibility or to provide medico-functionality of blood- and tissue-contacting medical devices. Yu et used Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP) to prepare periodic micropatterns in polymers for study of contact guidance of mammalian cells. 

The description of contact guidance (i.e., the cell reaction with the topographical features in its local environment) in mammalian cells dates back to 1964 [26]. Since then, thanks to the development of various techniques for the topographical patterning of biocompatible materials, an increasing number of cell types have been shown to modulate their behavior when contacting flat or topographically-patterned surfaces [27]. 

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