Biochemistry, terminology

The use of proper chemical nomenclature is essential for effective scientific communication. More than one million new substances are reported each year, each of which must be identified clearly, unambiguously, and completely in the primary literature. Chemical compounds are named according to the rules established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) [formerly the International Union of Biochemistry (IUB)], the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), the Committee on Nomenclature, Terminology, and Symbols of the American Chemical Society, and other authorities as appropriate. For more information on naming chemical compounds, refer to the bibliography in Chapter 18. This chapter gives the editorial conventions and style points for chemical compound names. 

Objectives—A listing of the two to four main principles that are critical for nnderstanding the underlying biochemistry to answer the question and relate to the clinical situation Definitions of basic terminology Discussion of topic... 

The abbreviations PG and GAG are frequently used for proteoglycan and glycosamino-glycan, respectively, but these have not as yet been accepted as standard abbreviations by the major journals or by the terminology committee of the International Union of Biochemistry. Similarly the abbreviations HA for hyaluronan, CS for chondroitin sulfate, DS for dermatan sulfate, HS for heparan sulfate and KS for keratan sulfate are frequently used but have not as yet been accepted as standard abbreviations. 

Each chapter in the textbook has a corresponding section on the Companion Web Site that contains Outlines, Concepts, Terminology, and Quizzing to help you succeed in your Biochemistry course. 

An inevitable consequence of this complexity is the lai e quantity of terminology that is needed to describe it learning considerable new vocabulary is an essential part of the study of biochemistry. You will also see many cross-references in this book, which reflect the many connections among the processes that take place in the cell. 

Molecular Biology on the nomenclature and classification of enzyme-catalyzed reactions by Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, available online at www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/ enzyme/ NC-IUBMB, Symbolism and terminology in enzyme kinetics Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry, available online at www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/kinetics/ prepared by G.P. Moss department of chemistry. Queen Mary University of London, U.K., 1981. 

One speaks of a violation of the symmetry (here parity violation). It should be noted that the modern R, S nomenclature is used in the figure, whereby the R-amino acids normally correspond to the D-amino acids in the old nomenclature and the 5-amino acids correspond to the L-amino acids. We shall use both nomenclatures here, because the D, L terminology is widely used in biochemistry. In physics, one tends to use the R, L nomenclature which simply stands for Right/Left. If one takes into account the chemical equilibrium (3.1) at room temperature, the small enthalpy of reaction is reflected in the equilibrium constant ... 

Self-Assembling Catenanes. p. 1240 Self-Assembly in Biochemistry-, p. 1257 Self-Assembly Terminology, p. 1263 Strict Self-Assembly and Self-Assembly with Covalent Modifications, p. 1372 The Template Effect, p. 1493 Viruses as Host Assemblies, p. 1563... 

In this article, the various terminologies used to describe important concepts in thermodynamic self-assembly will be reviewed. In so doing, an attempt is made to illustrate, wherever possible, the underlying unity of the concepts and eliminate confusion arising from the different terminologies used. Most of the terminologies derive from the fields of chemistry, biology, and biochemistry. 

Proposed lUPAC nomenclature is scrutinized for validity, accuracy and consistency across all branches of Chemistry, and over Science generally, by lUPAC s Interdivisional Committee on Terminology, Nomenclature and Symbols. The committee has representation from other International Scientific Unions Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (lUBMB), Crystallography (lUCr), Nutritional Sciences (lUNS), Pharmacology (lUPHAR) and Pure and Applied Physics (lUPAP), and from the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), as well as Divisional and other representatives of lUPAC. 

Studies of bioinorganic systems inevitably use some terminology from biochemistry which may be unfamiliar to an inorganic chemist. The examples in this Chapter are all metalloenzymes which catalyze some process. Clearly they contain a metal, but there are other components of an enzyme, and terms used to describe these are summarized as follows ... 

A note on terminology is in order Receptor was originally used in biochemistry to describe large cellular molecules like proteins that interact with smaller molecules such as hormones. The term is now also used in risk assessments to refer to organisms or ecosystems that may be impacted by a toxic chemical or other stressor (see Section 6.2 and Chapters 8 and 9). Which of the two meanings of receptor is intended may be surmised from the context. 

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