Lipids biochemistry

Phospholipids. Lipid is a term applied to those natural substances that are more soluble in nonpolar solvents than in water. In its most general sense, it is a broad definition that includes fats, waxes, hydrocarbons, and so on. In biochemistry, lipids are more narrowly defined as substances that yield fatty acids upon hydrolysis. 

The modem era of biochemistry and molecular biology has been shaped not least by the isolation and characterization of individual molecules. Recently, however, more and more polyfunctional macromolecular complexes are being discovered, including nonrandomly codistributed membrane-bound proteins [41], These are made up of several individual proteins, which can assemble spontaneously, possibly in the presence of a lipid membrane or an element of the cytoskeleton [42] which are themselves supramolecular complexes. Some of these complexes, e.g. snail haemocyanin [4o], are merely assembled from a very large number of identical subunits vimses are much larger and more elaborate and we are still some way from understanding the processes controlling the assembly of the wonderfully intricate and beautiful stmctures responsible for the iridescent colours of butterflies and moths [44]. 

Vance, D. E., and Vance, J. E. (eds.), 1985. Biochemistry of Lipids and Membranes. Menlo Park, CA. Benjamin-Cnmmings. 

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Roberts, L. M., Ray, M. J., Shih, T. W., et al., 1997. Strnctnral analy.sis of apolipoprotein A-I Limited proteolysis of methionine-rednced and -oxidized lipid-free and lipid-bonnd human Apo A-I. Biochemistry 36 7615. 

The biochemistry or mode of action of pyrethrum is not as well known as its chemistry. There are several theories of the toxic action of pyrethrum. Lauger et al. (26) consider that a highly effective contact insecticide must possess a toxic component (toxaphore) and must have groups attached which absolutely insure pronounced lipid solubility. They consider in the case of pyrethrins that in the cyclopro-... 

Schulz, H. (1985). Oxidation of fatty acids. In Biochemistry of Lipids and Membranes (Vance, D.E. 

Grliner, S. M., Lenk, R. P., Janoff, A. S., and Ostro, M. J. (1985). Novel multilayered lipid vesicles Comparison of physical characteristics of multilamellar liposomes and stable plurilamellar vesicles, Biochemistry. 24. 2833-2842. 

Rhoden, V., and Goldin, S. M. (1979). Formation of unilamellar lipid vesicles of controllable dimensions by detergent dialysis. Biochemistry, 18, 4173-4176. 

Cullis PR, Fenske DB, Fiope MJ Physical properties and functional roles of lipids in membranes. In Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes. Vance DE, Vance JE (editors). Elsevier, 1996. 

Gurr MI, Harwood JL Lipid Biochemistry An Introduction, 4th ed. Chapman Hall, 1991. 

Tocher DR, Leaver MJ, Hodgson PA Recent advances in the biochemistry and molecular biology of fatty acyl desaturases. Prog Lipid Res 1998 37 73. 

Figure 41-6. Permeability coefficients of water, some ions, and other small molecules in lipid bilayer membranes. Molecules that move rapidly through a given membrane are said to have a high permeability coefficient. (Slightly modified and reproduced, with permission, from Stryer L Biochemistry, 2nd ed. Freeman, 1981.)...

Esterbauer, H., Zollner, H. and Schaur, R.J. (1988). Hydroxy-alkenals cytotoxic products of lipid peroxidation. Atlas of Science Biochemistry 1, 311-319. 

Hiramatsu, M., Edamatsu, R., Ohyama, H. and Mori, A. (1992). Effect of Japanese herbal medicine, sho-saiko-to-go-keishi-kashakuyaku-to (TJ-960) on aging. In Lipid-soluble Antioxidants Biochemistry and Clinical Applications (eds. A.S.H. Ong and L. Packer) pp. 535-552. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel. 

Boulanger, Y. Schreier, S. Smith, I. C.P., Molecular detailsof anesthetic-lipid interaction as seen by deuterium and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance, Biochemistry 20, 6824-6830 (1981). 

Ashikawa, I., J.-J. Yin, W. K. Subczynski, T. Kouyama, J. S. Hyde, and A. Kusumi. 1994. Molecular organization and dynamics in bacteriorhodopsin-rich reconstituted membranes Discrimination of lipid environments by the oxygen transport parameter using a pulse ESR spin-labeling technique. Biochemistry 33 4947 1952. 

Chino, H. 1985. Lipid transport Biochemistry of hemolymph lipophorin. In Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, eds. Kerkut G. A. and Gilbert L. I., Oxford Pergamon Press, 10 115-134. 

Sahoo D, Narayanaswami V, Kay CM, Ryan RO (2000) Pyrene excimer fluorescence a spatially sensitive probe to monitor lipid-induced helical rearrangement of apolipophorin III. Biochemistry 39 6594-6601... 

Saz, H.J. and Lescure, O.L. (1966) Interrelationships between the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of Ascaris lumbricoides egg and adult stages. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 18, 845-857. 

Barrett, J., Saghir, N., Timanova, A., Clarke, K and Brophy, P.M. (1997) Characterisation and properties of an intracellular lipid-binding protein from the tapeworm Moniezia expansa. European Journal of Biochemistry 250, 269-275. 

Simpson, MA, LiCata, V.J., Coe, N.R. and Bernlohr, D.A. (1999) Biochemical and biophysical analysis of the intracellular lipid binding proteins of adipocytes. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 192, 33—40. 

Jurenka RA, Roelofs WL (1993) In Stanley-Samuelson DW, Nelson DR (eds) Insect lipids chemistry, biochemistry and biology. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, p 353... 

Kolattukudy PE (1987) Lipid derived defensive polymers and waxes and their role in plant-microbe interaction. In Stumpf PK (ed) The biochemistry of plants vol 9 - lipids structure and function. Academic Press, New York, p 291... 

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