Cytotoxicity production

Esterbauer, H., Zollner, H. and Schaur, R.J. (1988). Hydroxy-alkenals cytotoxic products of lipid peroxidation. Atlas of Science Biochemistry 1, 311-319. 

In addition, it must be underlined that the chemical routes to cell-based materials are intrinsically green reactions because they imply that the viability of the living organisms is maintained. They should therefore be performed in mild temperature conditions and avoid the presence of cytotoxic products (or at least at non-toxic dose). Moreover, they use living cells that can be considered from a chemical reactivity point of view, as bio-renewable reagents. Such approaches can therefore be considered as the first steps towards the development of a green nanochemistry. 

Another reason for complexity of cell-activation mechanisms resides in the end response of neutrophils - that is, the delivery of cytotoxic products. Whilst these products are highly lethal towards pathogens, they can also attack and destroy host tissues, and this can have deleterious effects on tissue function. Complex intracellular signalling mechanisms to activate these cytotoxic pathways also guards against non-specific activation, which could lead to host tissue damage. 

However, it is now recognised that neutrophils can contribute to host-tissue damage if they are activated to secrete reactive oxidants and granule enzymes, and if the local concentrations of anti-oxidants and protease inhibitors within the tissue are low or defective. Thus, inappropriate neutrophil activation leading to host-tissue damage has been implicated in reperfusion injury, Crohn s disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and rheumatoid arthritis. In these conditions, it is envisaged that neutrophils accumulate in tissues and become inappropriately activated to secrete their cytotoxic products, which then initiate or contribute to host-tissue damage. 

The one-electron reduction of a chemical to cytotoxic products is the basis of certain anticancer drugs. This is because tumor cells tend to be anaerobic, and so reduction is favored. However, anaerobic conditions can induce DT diaphorase, which carries out two-electron reduction reactions. For example, the anticancer drug tirapazamine is activated by a one-electron reduction catalyzed by NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase in anaerobic conditions to a nitroxide radical, which is toxic to tumor cells. It is detoxified however, by DT diaphorase, to another product. 

Jiang X, Khursigara G, Rubin RL. Transformation of lupus inducing drugs to cytotoxic products by activated neutrophils. Science 1994 266 810. 

The authors of the second report commented that activated eosinophils and their cytotoxic products, such as eosinophil catatonic protein, may play a part in the pathogenesis of Churg-Strauss syndrome. Measuring serum concentrations of eosinophil catatonic protein may be useful in monitoring disease activity, since concentrations were increased before treatment and normalized afterwards. 

Which one of the following drugs is metabolized to a cytotoxic product ... 

Studies with cells in culture show a cytotoxic effect of vitamin Be. This may be from the formation of cytotoxic products when the vitamin is subjected to ultraviolet irradiation and may not be relevant in vivo (Maeda et al., 2000). 

The decomposition of LOOH can also yield a number of highly cytotoxic products, malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal are most unpleasant among them. Lipid radicals and cytotoxic aldehydes can also cause severe damage of membrane proteins, inactivating receptors and membrane-bound enzymes [1-3]. 

Coordination of preparation and delivery of drugs to the patient or caregiver. Together with the medication, the pharmacist should provide the ancillary supplies and drug delivery systems. The pharmacist should also ensure appropriate disposal of cytotoxic products. 

Beta-lactam, highly sensitizing compounds, hormones, cytotoxic products... 

AMOS, H.E. (1979) Immunological aspects of practolol toxicity. Int. J.Immunopharmac., 1, 9. JIANG, X., KHURSIGARA, G. and RUBIN, R.L. (1994) Transformation of lupus inducing drugs to cytotoxic products by activated neutrophils, Science, 266, 810. 

IsoK/LG are Some of the Most Higly Cytotoxic Products of Lipid Peroxidation... 

Procarbazine is metabolized in the liver to cytotoxic products. The major portion of drug is excreted in the urine as V-isopropylterephthalamic acid (approximately 70% within 24 hours following oral and IV administration). Less than 5% is excreted in urine unchanged. 

Mechanisms Metronidazole is an imidazole derivative with activity against protozoa and bacteria. The drug undergoes a reductive bioactivation of its nitro group by ferredoxin (present in anaerobic parasites) to form reactive cytotoxic products that interfere with nucleic acid synthesis. 

Mebendazole binds to tubulins to alter the transport functions of microtubules Metronidazole is activated in the parasite to a cytotoxic product Salicylhydroxamic acid is an inhibitor of glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase Sulfonamides inhibit 7,8-dihydropteroate synthase Which one of the following enzymes is not unique to parasites ... 

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