Bioactive peptides products

FIGURE 1 8-5 Tissue-specific processing of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) precursor yields a wide array of bioactive peptide products. Processing of the POMC precursor varies in various tissues. In anterior pituitary, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH (1-39)) and P-1 ipo tropin (P-LPH) are the primary products of post-translational processing. Arcuate neurons produce the potent opiate P-endorphin (P-endo (1-31)) as well as ACTIK1 -13) NIT,. Intermediate pituitary produces a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (aMSH), acetylated P endof 1 31) and P-endo(l-27). NTS, nucleus tractus solitarius. 

Angiotensin IV, the smallest bioactive peptide product of the renin-angiotensin system, interacts with a unique receptor termed the angiotensin IV receptor this receptor exhibits minimal affinity for angiotensin II or angiotensin III. 

Korhonen, H., Pihlanto, A. (2006). Bioactive peptides production and functionality. International Dairy Journal, 16, 945-960. 

Wei JT, Chiang BH. 2009. Bioactive peptide production by hydrolysis of porcine blood proteins in a continuous enzymatic membrane reactor. J Sci Food Agric 89 372-378. 

Synthetic cyclic peptides are of eminent interest not only as replicates or analogues of natural products or as conformationally restricted bioactive peptides and peptide or protein fragments, but may also serve for specific purposes as listed in the following sections. 

The enzymatic methods are most promising, but on the other hand chemical methods are relatively independent of tertiary stmcture of the cleavage site and have technical scale-up advantages. Chemical methods are therefore very well suited for production of bioactive peptides cleaved off from a fusion protein. 

Bioactive peptides as products of hydrolysis of diverse marine invertebrate (shellfish, crustacean, rotifer, etc.) proteins are the focus of current research. After much research on these muscles and byproducts, some biologically active peptides were identified and applied to useful compounds for human utilization. This chapter reviews bioactive peptides from marine invertebrates in regarding to their bioactivities. Additionally, specific characteristics of antihypertensive, anti-Alzheimer, antioxidant, antimicrobial peptide enzymatic production, methods to evaluate bioactivity capacity, bioavailability, and safety concerns of peptides are reviewed. 

This suggests that products with bioactive peptides derived from marine invertebrates can meet the needs of marine organism-derived products due to health and/or religious reasons. From such a viewpoint, hydrolysates or bioactive peptides from marine invertebrates can be interesting sources of bioactivity peptides in the treatment of chronic diseases. 

Marine organisms represent a valuable source of nutraceuticals and functional compounds. The biodiversity of the marine environment and the associated chemical diversity constitute a practically unlimited resource of novel active substances for the development of bioactive products. Recently, a great deal of interest has been expressed in marine-derived bioactive peptides because of their numerous beneficial health effects. Moreover, several studies have reported that marine bioactive peptides can be used as... 

This chapter provides an overview of the diversity of marine bioactive peptides, their biological activity, and their potential use as nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products. 

The influence of eutectic media on the kinetics and productivity of biocatalysts has yet to be fully elucidated. Syntheses in eutectic suspensions have been scaled up to the pilot scale in a rotating drum reactor. The bioactive peptide Na-Cbz-L-Lys(Ne-Cbz)-Gly-L-Asp(OAll)-L-Glu(OAll)OEt was synthesized via a sequential N-to-C strategy in a heterogeneous solid-liquid mixture of the substrates in the presence of chymopapain and subtilisin as well as 16-20% (w/w) water and ethanol (Gill, 2002). At substrate concentrations of around 1 m, yields of 67-74% per step at product concentrations of 0.36, 0.49, and 0.48 kg kg-1 were achieved. The corresponding space-time yields were between 0.30 and 0.64 kg (kg d)-1 and biocatalyst reuse provided productivities of 166-312 kg product (kg enzyme)-1. 

Recent examples of the production of bioactive peptides, often antimicrobials, in bacterial and yeast host systems highlight examples of various fusion and cleavage strategies. 

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