Bioaccumulation aquatic animals

System 20. aquatic plants—bentos, plankton, coastal aquatic plants (XII) aquatic animals including bottom sediment invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, mammals, vertebrates, their biological reactions and endemic diseases (VIII) aerosols, atmospheric air (31, 32)—foodstuffs, forages (XV). Human poisoning through consumption of fish and other aquatic foodstuffs with excessive bioaccumulation of pollutants is the most typical example of biogeochemical migration and its consequences. 

The major route for bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic compounds in aquatic animals is passive diffusion over cell membranes. In fish, the gill epithelia are the predominant port of entry, with less than 40% of uptake across the skin [181]. Since permeability of the membrane is a direct function of the membrane-water partition coefficient and the diffusion coefficient across the membrane interior [182], the bioconcentration factor (logBCF) can be directly correlated with log K0Vl. or log Km%v for compounds with intermediate hydro-phobicity [183,184],... 

Quintozene appears to be moderately bioaccumulated in aquatic animals and plants. The toxicity of quintozene for aquatic organisms depends on the species tested. The LC50 values in rainbow trout and bluegill sunfish were reported to be 0.55 and 0.1mgl , respectively. On the other hand, a 48h LC50 value of 10 mg 1 for carp and a 3 h LC50 value of 40 mg 1 for Daphnia have been reported. Quintozene is practically nontoxic to birds and no information is available for bees. Quintozene has a significant effect on earthworm reproduction and survival. 

Uptake of TNT in fish and invertebrates resulted in substantial bioaccumulation of nonidentified extractable and nonextractable compounds. Contrasting to the parent compound, metabolically formed transformation products of TNT appear to be eliminated at much slower rates. Neither the biological half-life nor the chemical nature of nonextractable transformation products of TNT in organisms has been investigated to date. Investigations on the biotransformation of explosives other than TNT in aquatic animals were not found in the available literature and are therefore warranted. Further studies of the fate of explosives in aquatic animals are necessary to reveal the identity of their transformation products present in the tissues of exposed organisms, to further characterize species-specific differences in the bioconcentration of transformation products, and to elucidate the mechanism of toxic action. 

Wang WX, Rainbow PS (2008) Comparative approaches to understand metal bioaccumulation in aquatic animals. Comp Biochem Physiol 148C 315-323... 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. There are a few studies to determine residues of methyl parathion in organisms in the environment. These have consistently shown low methyl parathion residues, indicating that methyl parathion does not bioconcentrate to a significant extent in aquatic organisms, plants, or animals (Crossland and Bennett 1984 Sabharwal and Belsare 1986). The methyl parathion that does get into organisms is rapidly degraded (Sabharwal and Belsare 1986). Some recent analyses of fish in a... 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Endosulfan is bioconcentrated by aquatic organisms (Ernst 1977 Novak and Ahmad 1989 NRCC 1975 Roberts 1972 Schimmel et al. 1977) but not by plants or animals (ERA 1982a). The compound is metabolized by terrestrial (Coleman and Dolinger 1982 El Beit et al. 1981c Martens 1977 NRCC 1975) and aquatic organisms (Cotham and Bidleman 1989), and it does not biomagnify to any great extent in terrestrial or aquatic food chains (HSDB 1999). No additional information on the bioaccumulation of endosulfan is needed at this time. 

Mercury (Hg) contamination is widespread in water, in surficial soils and sediments, and in the tissues of plants and animals in ecosystems around the globe. Once deposited to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, some inoiganic mercury is transformed into methylmercury (MeHg), a highly toxic compoimd that bioaccumulates efficiently in food webs (Wiener et al. 2003). As a result of the toxicity of MeHg to wildlife and humans, many nations are interested in reducing environmental mercury contamination and associated biotic exposure (UNEP 2002). 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Lead is bioaccumulated by terrestrial and aquatic plants and animals (Eisler 1988). However, lead is not biomagnified in terrestrial or aquatic food chains (Eisler 1988). No additional information is needed. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Simple cyanide compounds do not bioconcentrate in fish (ASTER 1994 Callahan et al. 1979 EPA 1985a). It would be useful to determine the bioconcentration potential for cyanide in fish from water dosed with less toxic and water-soluble cyanide complexes. There is no indication of biomagnification of cyanides in aquatic and terrestrial food chains. Because of the high toxicity of cyanides at high doses and rapid metabolism at low doses, biomagnification of cyanide in animals seems unlikely. 

The modified terrestrial-aquatic model ecosystem described here has been found to be a useful tool in studying the environmental fate of drugs and related residues present in animal excreta used as manure. The operation of the ecosystem is relatively simple and yet it allows one to study the complex metabolic transformations of a drug or related residues in its various components. Especially interesting is the study of the degradation of a compound in the soil in the presence of microorganisms found in the animal excreta. This information is important since it eventually determines whether a compound and/ or its metabolites will bioaccumulate in the various elements of the environment. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. 1,2-Dibromoethane is not expected to bioconcentrate in plants, aquatic organisms, or animals, or biomagnify in terrestrial or aquatic food chains as a result of its high water solubility (NIOSH 1978 Parrish 1983). Additional information is needed on bioconcentration and biomagnification of the compound to confirm this predicted environmental behavior. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Data are available that indicate that chloroform does not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (Barrows et al. 1980 Veith et al. 1980) however, data are lacking for plants and other animals (e.g., vacuolar plants, shellfish, or macroinvertebrates) as well as for the biomagnification potential of chloroform in terrestrial and aquatic food chains. Additional information on bioconcentration and biomagnification could be useful in establishing the significance of food chain bioaccumulation as a route of human exposure. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. There are no data on the bioaccumulation of 2-hexanone in food chains. This lack of data may not be a major limitation in the database because it is unlikely that 2-hexanone is bioconcentrated by plants, aquatic organisms, or animals at lower trophic levels based on its high water solubility (Lande et al. 1976). However, data confirming that bioconcentration does not occur would help to more accurately assess the probability of bioaccumulation of 2-hexanone. 

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