Beta-Galactose

M. L. Cremona, O. Campetella, D. O. Sanchez, and A. C. C. Frasch, Enzymically inactive members of the trans-sialidase family from Trypanosoma cruzi display beta-galactose binding activity, Glycobiology, 9 (1999) 581-587. 

Colley, K. J., Lee, E. U., and Paulson, J. C., 1992, The signal anchor and stem regions of the beta-galactose alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase may each act in localizing the enzyme to the Golgi apparatus, J. Biol. Chem. 267 7784-7793. 

Zheng, G., Graham, A., Shibata, M., Missert, J.R., Oseroff, A.R., Dougherty, T.J., and Pandey, R.K., Synthesis of beta-galactose-conjugated chlorins derived by enyme metathesis as galactin-specific photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, /. Org. Chem., 66, 8709, 2001. 

Fialova, R, Namdjou, D.-J., Ettrich, R. et al. (2005) Combined application of galactose oxidase and beta-iV-acetylhexosaminidase in the synthesis of complex immuno-active, V-acclyl-D-galaclosamiHides. Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis, 347 (7 + 8), 997-1006. 

Tamarindus indicus L. Luo Huang Zi (Tamarind) (stem, fruit) Tannins, beta-amyrin, campesterol, beta-sitosterol, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, eicosanoic acid, arabinose, xylose, galactose, glucose, uronic acid, pectins, mucilage, vitamin B.60-216 Diuretic, purgative, for liver disorders, inappetence, digestion, and hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic properties. 

N.A. Pinus albicaulis Engelm. P. contorta Dougl. ex. Loud. P. mugo Turra var. pumilio P. palustris Mill. P. strobus L. Bishomophinolenic acid, resins, mallol, bomeol acetate, tannins, vitamin A, vitamin C, galactose, alpha-pinenes, beta-pinenes, anthocyanin.8102 Relieve fever, bronchial and nasal congestion, improve blood flow. Anthocyanin from bark has antioxidant activity, inhibits the enzymes that cause inflammation. 

J. Tkac, E. Sturdik and P. Gemeiner, Novel glucose non-interference biosensor for lactose detection based on galactose oxidase-peroxidase with and without co-immobilised beta-galactosidase, Analyst, 125(7) (2000) 1285-1289. 

Karinaga R, Anada T, Minari J et al (2006) Galactose-PEG dual conjugation of beta-(l->3)-D-glucan schizophyllan for antisense oligonucleotides delivery to enhance the cellular uptake. Biomaterials 27(8) 1626-1635... 

Ljungcrantz, P., Carlsson, H., Mansson, M. O., Buckel, P., Mosbach, K., and Bulow, L. (1989). Construction of an artificial bifunctional enzyme, beta-galactosidase/galac-tose dehydrogenase, exhibiting efficient galactose channeling. Biochemistry, 28,8786— 8792. 

Hydroxylysine may be glycosylated in addition to providing the means for cross-linking tropocollagen molecules. It may contain D-galactose that is beta-... 

UDP-galactose and UDP-D-glucose in galactose metabolism also catalyzes the conversion of a-D-glucose or a-D-galactose to their beta-anomers... 

Glycoprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase. Thyroid UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide = UDP... 

Hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in... 

However, the major limitation for the use of biopharmaceuticais produced by plants is the glycosylation pattern. Animal and plant N-linked glycosylation patterns are identical in the core structure, but there are differences in the additional sugar residues. Plant N-glycans contain beta 1,2-linked xylose and alpha 1,3-linked fucose residues, whereas the beta 1,4-linked terminal galactose residue, which is typical for animal-derived glycoproteins (e.g., on antibodies) is not present in plants. There is also some evidence that plant-specific residues have immunogenic potential [8, 9]. 

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